Category: GATE Biotechnology 2016 Previous Year Papers with Solutions

Category: GATE Biotechnology 2016 Previous Year Papers with Solutions

GATE Biotechnology 2016 Previous Year Papers with Solutions

Q.65 Consider the equation              V = aS/  b + S + S2/c Given a = 4, b = 1 and c = 9, the positive value of S at which V is maximum will be __________.

Positive Value of S for Maximum V

Q.64 The value of determinant A given below is __________. A = 5 16 81 0 2 2 0 0 16

Maximum Value of V in the Equation

Q.63  d2y/dx2 − y = 0. The initial conditions for this second order homogeneous differential equation are:                   y(0) = 1    and  dy/dx = 3 at x = 0 The value of y when x = 2 is __________.

Solve d2y/dx2 – y = 0 | y(0)=1, y'(0)=3 | y(2) Value

Q.62 An enzyme is immobilized on the surface of a non-porous spherical particle of 2 mm diameter. The immobilized enzyme is suspended in a solution having bulk substrate concentration of 10 mM. The enzyme follows first order kinetics with rate constant 10 s−1 and the external mass transfer coefficient is 1 cm·s−1. Assume steady state condition wherein rate of enzyme reaction (mmol·L−1·s−1) at the surface is equal to mass transfer rate (mmol·L−1·s−1). The substrate concentration at the surface of the immobilized particle will be __________ mM.

Substrate Concentration at Surface

Q.61 A protein is to be purified using ion-exchange column chromatography. The relationship between HETP (Height Equivalent to Theoretical Plate) and the linear liquid velocity of mobile phase is given by:                                                                H = A/u + Bu + C where H is HETP (m) and u is linear liquid velocity of mobile phase (m·s−1). The values of A, B and C are 3 × 10−8 m2·s−1, 3 s and 6 × 10−5 m, respectively. The number of theoretical plates based on minimum HETP for a column of 66 cm length will be __________.

HETP Minimum Calculation Ion-Exchange Chromatography

Q.60 An enzyme converts substrate A to product B. At a given liquid feed stream of flow rate 25 L·min−1 and feed substrate concentration of 2 mol·L−1, the volume of continuous stirred tank reactor needed for 95% conversion will be __________ L. Given the rate equation:                                −rA = 0.1CA /(1 + 0.5CA) where −rA is the rate of reaction in mol·L−1·min−1 and CA is the substrate concentration in mol·L−1. Assumptions: Enzyme concentration is constant and does not undergo any deactivation during the reaction.

CSTR Volume 95% Conversion Enzyme Kinetics

Q.59 A bioreactor is scaled up based on equal impeller tip speed. Consider the following parameters for small and large bioreactors: Parameters Small Bioreactor Large Bioreactor Impeller speed N1 N2 Diameter of impeller D1 D2 Power consumption P1 P2 Assuming geometrical similarity and the bioreactors are operated in turbulent regime, what will be P2/P1? (A) (D1/D2)2    (B) (D2/D1)2    (C) (D1/D2)5    (D) (D2/D1)5

Bioreactor Scale-Up Based on Equal Impeller Tip Speed

Q.58 Decimal reduction time of bacterial spores is 23 min at 121 °C and the death kinetics follow first order. One liter of medium containing 105 spores per mL was sterilized for 10 min at 121 °C in a batch sterilizer. The number of spores in the medium after sterilization (assuming destruction of spores in heating and cooling period is negligible) will be __________ × 107.

Decimal Reduction Time Bacterial Spores 121°C

Q.57 Saccharomyces cerevisiae is cultured in a chemostat (continuous fermentation) at a dilution rate of 0.5 h−1. The feed substrate concentration is 10 g·L−1. The biomass concentration in the chemostat at steady state will be __________ g·L−1. Assumptions: Feed is sterile, maintenance is negligible and maximum biomass yield with respect to substrate is 0.4 (g biomass per g ethanol). Microbial growth kinetics is given by: μ = μm·S /(Ks + S) where μ is specific growth rate (h−1), μm = 0.7 h−1, Ks = 0.3 g·L−1 and S is substrate concentration (g·L−1).

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Chemostat Culture

Q.56 The empirical formula for biomass of an unknown organism is CH1.8O0.5N0.2. To grow this organism, ethanol (C2H5OH) and ammonia are used as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. Assume no product formation other than biomass. To produce 1 mole of biomass from 1 mole of ethanol, the number of moles of oxygen required will be __________.

Ethanol to Biomass Stoichiometry

Q.55 Analysis of a hexapeptide using enzymatic cleavage reveals the following result: Amino acid composition of the peptide is: 2R, A, V, S, Y Trypsin digestion yields two fragments and the compositions are: (R, A, V) and (R, S, Y) Chymotrypsin digestion yields two fragments and the compositions are: (A, R, V, Y) and (R, S) Digestion with carboxypeptidase A yields no cleavage product. Given: Trypsin cleaves at the carboxyl side of R. Chymotrypsin cleaves at the carboxyl side of Y. Carboxypeptidase A cleaves at the amino side of the C-terminal amino acid (except R and K) of the peptide. The correct amino acid sequence of the peptide is: (A) RSYRVA    (B) AVRYSR    (C) SRYVAR    (D) SVRRYA

Hexapeptide Sequence Determination

Q.54 The activity of lactate dehydrogenase can be measured by monitoring the following reaction:                     Pyruvate + NADH  →  Lactate + NAD+ The molar extinction coefficient of NADH at 340 nm is 6220 M−1·cm−1. NAD+ does not absorb at this wavelength. In an assay, 25 μL of a sample of enzyme (containing 5 μg protein per mL) was added to a mixture of pyruvate and NADH to give a total volume of 3 mL in a cuvette of 1 cm pathlength. The rate of decrease in absorbance at 340 nm was0.14 min−1. The specific activity of the enzyme will be __________ μmol·min−1·mg−1.

Lactate Dehydrogenase Specific Activity Calculation

Q.53 The molar extinction coefficients of Trp and Tyr at 280 nm are 5690 M−1·cm−1 and 1280 M−1·cm−1, respectively. The polypeptide chain of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase(37 kDa) contains5 Trp and 14 Tyr residues. The absorbance at 280 nm of a 0.32 mg·mL−1 solution of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase measured in a cuvette of 1 cm pathlength will be __________. (Assume that the molar extinction coefficient values for Trp and Tyr apply to these amino acids in yeast alcohol dehydrogenase.)

Yeast Alcohol Dehydrogenase Absorbance at 280 nm

Q.52 In an assay of the type II dehydroquinase of molecular mass 18 kDa, it is found that the Vmax of the enzyme is 0.0134 μmol·min−1 when 1.8 μg enzyme is added to the assay mixture. If the Km for the substrate is 25 μM, the kcat/Km ratio will be ________ × 104 M−1·s−1.

kcat/Km Calculation

Q.51 Choose the CORRECT combination of True (T) and False (F) statements about microcarriers used in animal cell culture. P. Higher cell densities can be achieved using microcarriers Q. Microcarriers increase the surface area for cell growth R. Microcarriers are used for both anchorage- and nonanchorage-dependent cells S. Absence of surface charge on microcarriers enhances attachment of cells (A) P-T, Q-F, R-T and S-F (B) P-T, Q-T, R-F and S-F (C) P-F, Q-F, R-T and S-T (D) P-F, Q-T, R-F and S-T

Microcarriers in Animal Cell Culture

Q.50 In animal cell culture, a CO2 enriched atmosphere in the incubator chamber is used to maintain the culture pH between 6.9 and 7.4. Which one of the following statements is CORRECT? (A) Higher the bicarbonate concentration in the medium, higher should be the requirement of gaseous CO2 (B) Lower the bicarbonate concentration in the medium, higher should be the requirement of gaseous CO2 (C) Higher the bicarbonate concentration in the medium, lower should be the requirement of gaseous CO2 (D) CO 2 requirement is independent of bicarbonate concentration in the medium

CO2 Bicarbonate Cell Culture pH

Q.49 Which one of the following statements regarding G proteins is INCORRECT? (A) GDP is bound to G protein in the resting stage (B) GTP bound α subunit cannot reassemble with βγ dimer (C) All G proteins are trimeric (D) Activation of G protein may result in activation or inhibition of the target enzymes

G Proteins Incorrect Statement

Q.48 Which of the following statement(s) is/are CORRECT for antigen activated effector T cells? P. CD4+ cells make contact with macrophages and stimulate their microbicidal activity Q. CD4 + cells make contact with B cells and stimulate them to differentiate into plasma cells R. CD8 + cells make contact with B cells and stimulate them to differentiate into plasma cells S. CD8 + cells make contact with virus infected cells and kill them (A) Q only (B) Q and S only (C) P, Q and S only (D) P, Q, R and S

Antigen Activated Effector T Cells Functions

Q.47 Find the INCORRECT combination. (A) Surface immunoglobulins ̶ B cell antigen receptor (B) Affinity maturation ̶ isotype switching (C) Fc region of antibodies ̶ binding to complement proteins (D) Spleen, the secondary lymphoid organ ̶ no connection with the lymphatic system

Spleen Secondary Lymphoid Organ Lymphatic System Connection

Q.46 A 1.2 kb DNA fragment was cloned into BamHI and EcoRI sites located on a 2.8 kb cloning vector. The BamHI and EcoRI sites are adjacent to each other on the vector backbone. The vector contains an XhoI site located 300 bp upstream of the BamHI site. An internal XhoI site is present in the gene sequence as shown in the figure. The resultant recombinant plasmid is digested with EcoRI and XhoI and analyzed through 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. Assuming complete digestion with EcoRI and XhoI, the DNA fragments (in base pairs) visible on the agarose gel will correspond to: (A) 2800, 700 and 500 (B) 2800, 700 and 800 (C) 2500, 700 and 800 (D) 2500, 1200 and 300

Restriction Enzyme Mapping Problem

Q.45 The equilibrium potential of a biological membrane for Na+ is 55 mV at 37 °C. Concentration of Na+ inside the cell is 20 mM. Assuming the membrane is permeable to Na+ only, the Na+ concentration outside the membrane will be ______ mM. (Faraday constant: 23062 cal·V−1·mol−1, Gas constant: 1.98 cal·mol−1·K−1)

Na+ Concentration Outside Cell

Q.44 A crossing was performed between the genotypes DdEeFfgg and ddEeFfGg. Assuming that the allelic pairs of all genes assort independently, the proportion of progeny having the genotype ddeeffgg is expected to be ______________%.

DdEeFfgg × ddEeFfGg Cross

Q.43 Match the type of chromosomal inheritance (Column-I) with the corresponding genetic disease or trait (Column-II).               Column-I                                                                 Column-II P. Autosomal recessive inheritance                          1. Huntington disease Q. Autosomal dominant inheritance                        2. Hairy ears R. X-linked inheritance                                               3. Cystic fibrosis S. Y-linked inheritance                                                4. Hemophilia (A) P-1, Q-4, R-3, S-2 (B) P-4, Q-3, R-2, S-1 (C) P-3, Q-1, R-4, S-2 (D) P-4, Q-2, R-3, S-1

Chromosomal Inheritance Patterns

Q.42 A variety of genetic elements are used in the transgenic plant research. Match the genetic elements (Column-I) with their corresponding source (Column-II).           Column-I                                                                   Column-II P. Ubiquitin1 promoter                                        1. Agrobacterium tumefaciens Q. Nos transcriptional terminator                     2. Streptomyces hygroscopicus R. bar selection marker gene                              3. Escherichia coli S. gus reporter gene                                              4. Zea mays (A) P-2, Q-1, R-3, S-4 (B) P-2, Q-3, R-4, S-1 (C) P-3, Q-4, R-1, S-2 (D) P-4, Q-1, R-2, S-3

 Genetic Elements in Transgenic Plants

Q.41 Match the secondary metabolites (Column-I) with the corresponding plant species (Column-II). Column-I                                  Column-II P. Morphine                         1. Datura stramonium Q. Pyrethrins                       2. Catharanthus roseus R. Scopolamine                   3. Papaver somniferum S. Vincristine                       4. Tagetes erecta (A) P-4, Q-3, R-1, S-2     (B) P-3, Q-4, R-1, S-2 (C) P-2, Q-3, R-4, S-1     (D) P-4, Q-1, R-2, S-3

Secondary Metabolites Matching

Q.40 Select the CORRECT combination of genetic components that are essential for the transfer of T- DNA segment from Agrobacterium tumefaciens to plant cells. (A) Border repeat sequences and oncogenes (B) Border repeat sequences and vir genes (C) Opine biosynthetic genes and vir genes (D) Opine biosynthetic genes and oncogenes

Essential Genetic Components Guide

Q.39 Which of the following events occur during the stationary phase of bacterial growth? P. Rise in cell number stops Q. Spore formation in some Gram-positive bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis R. Cell size increases in some Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli S. Growth rate of bacterial cells nearly equals their death rate T. Decrease in peptidoglycan crosslinking (A) P, Q and S only (B) P, S and T only (C) Q, R and S only (D) P, R and T only

 Stationary Phase of Bacterial Growth

Q.38 A DNA sequence, 5’-ATGGACGTGCTTCCCAAAGCATCGGGC-3’, is mutated to obtain P. 5’-ATGGACGTGCTTCaCAAAGCATCGGGC-3’ Q. 5’-ATGGACGTGCTTCCCgAAAGCATCGGGC-3’ R. 5’-ATGGACGTGCTTCC-AAAGCATCGGGC-3’ S. 5’-ATGGACGTGCTTCCCAAtGCATCGGGC-3’ T. 5’-ATGGACGaGCTTCCCAAAGCATCGGGC-3’ [Point mutations are shown in the lower case or ‘-’ within the sequences] Which of the above mutant sequences DO NOT have frame-shift? (A) P, Q and S (B) P, S and T (C) Q, R and S (D) Q, S and T

Understanding Frameshift Mutations

Q.37 Which set of the following events occurs during the elongation step of translation? P. Attachment of mRNA with the smaller subunit of ribosome Q. Loading of correct aminoacyl-tRNA into the A site R. Formation of a peptide bond between the amino acyl-tRNA in the A site and the peptide chain that is attached to the peptidyl-tRNA in the P site S. Dissociation of the ribosomal subunits T. Translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the A site to the P site of the ribosome (A) P, Q and R (B) P, Q and T (C) Q, R and T (D) R, S and T

Elongation Step of Translation

Q.36 Which combination of the following statements is CORRECT for cyanobacteria? P. They can perform oxygenic photosynthesis Q. Usually filamentous forms are involved in nitrogen fixation R. Nitrogen fixation occurs in heterocysts S. They cannot grow in a mineral medium exposed to light and air (A) P, Q and R (B) P, S and R (C) Q, R and S (D) P, Q and S

Cyanobacteria Nitrogen Fixation and Photosynthesis

Q.35 The value of the integral 0.9 ∫ 0 dx / ((1 − x)(2 − x)) is ____________________.

Definite Integral Evaluation

Q.34 The Laplace transform F(s) of the function f(t) = cos(at), where a is constant, is ____________. (A) s2 / (s2 + a2) (B) a / (s2 + a2) (C) s / (s2 + a2) (D) s / (s2 − a2)

Laplace Transform of cos(at)

Q.33 The positive Eigen value of the following matrix is ____________. | 2 1 | | 5 -2 |

Positive Eigenvalue of Matrix

Q.32 Runs scored by a batsman in five one-day matches are 55, 75, 67, 88 and 15. The standard deviation is ____________.

Calculate Standard Deviation

Q.31 Which one of the following is the most suitable type of impeller for mixing high viscosity (viscosity > 105 cP) fluids? (A) Propeller (B) Helical ribbon (C) Paddle (D) Flat blade turbine

Helical Ribbon Explained

Q.30 The power required for agitation of non-aerated medium in fermentation is ________ kW. Operating conditions are as follows: Fermentor diameter = 3 m Number of impellers = 1 Mixing speed = 300 rpm Diameter of the Rushton turbine = 1 m Viscosity of the broth = 0.001 Pa·s Density of the broth = 1000 kg·m−3 Power number = 5

Power Required for Agitation in Non-Aerated Fermentation

Q.29 In dead-end filtration, rate of filtration is (A) directly proportional to the square root of pressure drop across the filter medium (B) inversely proportional to the pressure drop across the filter medium (C) inversely proportional to the viscosity of the solution (D) inversely proportional to the square of viscosity of the solution

Dead-End Filtration Rate

Q.28 A biological process is involved in the ________ treatment of industrial effluent. (A) primary (B) secondary (C) tertiary (D) quaternary

Biological Process in Industrial Effluent Treatment

Q.27 Fed batch cultivation is suitable for which of the following? P. Processes with substrate inhibition Q. Processes with product inhibition R. High cell density cultivation (A) P and Q only (B) P and R only (C) Q and R only (D) P, Q and R

Fed-Batch Cultivation Suitability

Q.26 Prandtl number is the ratio of (A) thermal diffusivity to momentum diffusivity (B) mass diffusivity to momentum diffusivity (C) momentum diffusivity to thermal diffusivity (D) thermal diffusivity to mass diffusivity

Ratio of Momentum Diffusivity to Thermal Diffusivity Explained

Q.25 Based on their function, find the ODD one out. (A) miRNA (B) siRNA (C) shRNA (D) snRNA

Odd One Out miRNA siRNA shRNA snRNA Function

Q.24 Which one of the following statements is NOT true? (A) In competitive inhibition, substrate and inhibitor compete for the same active site of an enzyme (B) Addition of a large amount of substrate to an enzyme cannot overcome uncompetitive inhibition (C) A transition state analogue in enzyme catalyzed reaction increases the rate of product formation (D) In non-competitive inhibition, Km of an enzyme for its substrate remains constant as the concentration of the inhibitor increases

Enzyme Inhibition Types Explained

Q.23 Which one of the following techniques relies on the spin angular momentum of a photon? (A) CD spectroscopy (B) Fluorescence spectroscopy (C) IR spectroscopy (D) Raman spectroscopy

CD vs Others Explained

Q.22 Which one of the following is NOT used for the measurement of cell viability in animal cell culture? (A) Trypan blue dye exclusion (B) Tetrazolium (MTT) assay (C) LDH activity in the culture medium (D) Coulter counter

Coulter Counter

Q.21 Junctional diversity of antibody molecules results from (A) the addition of switch region nucleotides (B) the addition of N and P nucleotides (C) the joining of V, D and J segments (D) mutations in complementarity-determining regions

Junctional Diversity of Antibody Molecules

Q.20 Disaccharide molecules that contain β(1 → 4) glycosidic linkage are (A) sucrose and maltose (B) sucrose and isomaltose (C) maltose and isomaltose (D) lactose and cellobiose

Disaccharide Molecules with β(1→4) Glycosidic Linkage

Q.9 Cesium chloride density gradient centrifugation is commonly used for the separation of DNA molecules. The buoyant density, ρ, of a double stranded Cs+ DNA is given by the equation ρ = 1.66 + 0.098X G+C where X G+C denotes (A) total number of G and C (B) mole fraction of G+C (C) number of GC repeats (D) ratio of G+C to A+T content

Cesium Chloride Density Gradient Centrifugation

Q.18 Which one of the following is NOT an algorithm for building phylogenetic trees? (A) Maximum parsimony (B) Neighbor joining (C) Maximum likelihood (D) Bootstrap

Which Is NOT an Algorithm for Building Phylogenetic Trees?

Q.17 ATP biosynthesis takes place utilizing the H+ gradient in mitochondria and chloroplasts. Identify the correct sites of H+ gradient formation. (A) Across the outer membrane of mitochondria and across the inner membrane of chloroplast (B) Across the inner membrane of mitochondria and across the thylakoid membrane of chloroplast (C) Within the matrix of mitochondria and across the inner membrane of chloroplast (D) Within the matrix of mitochondria and within the stroma of chloroplast

Sites of H+ Gradient Formation

Q.16 Which one of the following is NOT a therapeutic agent based on nucleic acid for the treatment of genetic disorders? (A) Antisense oligonucleotide (B) Ribozyme (C) Aptamer (D) Avidin

Which is NOT a Nucleic Acid-Based Therapeutic Agent for Genetic Disorders?

Q.15 In a typical mitotic cell division cycle in eukaryotes, M phase occurs immediately after the (A) G 0 phase (B) S phase (C) G1 phase (D) G2 phase

Mitotic Cell Division Cycle in Eukaryotes

Q.14 Which of the following are TRUE for Treponema pallidum? P. It is the causative agent of syphilis Q. It is a spirochete R. It is a non-motile bacterium S. It is generally susceptible to penicillin Choose the correct combination. (A) P, Q and R only (B) P, Q and S only (C) P, R and S only (D) Q, R and S only

Treponema pallidum Spirochete Syphilis Causative Agent

Q.13 What will be the binding status of regulatory proteins in lac operon when concentrations of both lactose and glucose are very low in the culture medium? (A) Only the repressor remains bound to the operator (B) Only the cyclic AMP-Catabolic Activator Protein (cAMP-CAP) complex remains bound to the CAP binding site (C) Neither the repressor nor cAMP-CAP complex remain bound to their respective binding sites (D) Both the repressor and cAMP-CAP complex remain bound to their respective binding sites

Lac Operon Binding Status

Q.12 Which family of viruses has single stranded DNA? (A) Herpesviridae (B) Poxviridae (C) Retroviridae (D) Parvoviridae

Which Family of Viruses Has Single Stranded DNA?

Q.11 Bacteria with two or more flagella at one or both ends are called (A) amphitrichous (B) peritrichous (C) lophotrichous (D) atrichous

Amphitrichous Bacteria

Q.10 Which of the following curves represents the function y = ln(|e|sin(|x|)||) for |x| < 2π? Here, x represents the abscissa and y represents the ordinate.

Graph of y = ln(e|sin(|x|)|)

Q.9 The binary operation □ is defined as a □ b = ab+(a+b), where a and b are any two real numbers. The value of the identity element of this operation, defined as the number x such that a □ x = a, for any a, is . (A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 10

Identity Element Binary Operation a□b=ab+(a+b)

Q.8 Find the missing sequence in the letter series. B, FH, LNP, _ _ _ _. (A) SUWY (B) TUVW (C) TVXZ (D) TWXZ

Solve Missing Sequence

Q.7 A smart city integrates all modes of transport, uses clean energy and promotes sustainable use of resources. It also uses technology to ensure safety and security of the city, something which critics argue, will lead to a surveillance state. Which of the following can be logically inferred from the above paragraph? (i) All smart cities encourage the formation of surveillance states. (ii) Surveillance is an integral part of a smart city. (iii) Sustainability and surveillance go hand in hand in a smart city. (iv) There is a perception that smart cities promote surveillance. (A) (i) and (iv) only (B) (ii) and (iii) only (C) (iv) only (D) (i) only

Smart Cities Surveillance Debate

Q.6 Students taking an exam are divided into two groups, P and Q such that each group has the same number of students. The performance of each of the students in a test was evaluated out of 200 marks. It was observed that the mean of group P was 105, while that of group Q was 85. The standard deviation of group P was 25, while that of group Q was 5. Assuming that the marks were distributed on a normal distribution, which of the following statements will have the highest probability of being TRUE? (A) No student in group Q scored less marks than any student in group P. (B) No student in group P scored less marks than any student in group Q. (C) Most students of group Q scored marks in a narrower range than students in group P. (D) The median of the marks of group P is 100.

Normal Distribution Exam Scores

Q.5 A window is made up of a square portion and an equilateral triangle portion above it. The base of the triangular portion coincides with the upper side of the square. If the perimeter of the window is 6 m, the area of the window in m2 is ___________. (A) 1.43 (B) 2.06 (C) 2.68 (D) 2.88

Window Perimeter Area

Q.4 Fact: If it rains, then the field is wet. Read the following statements: (i) It rains (ii) The field is not wet (iii) The field is wet (iv) It did not rain Which one of the options given below is NOT logically possible, based on the given fact? (A) If (iii), then (iv). (B) If (i), then (iii). (C) If (i), then (ii). (D) If (ii), then (iv).

If It Rains Then Field Is Wet

Q.3 Choose the statement(s) where the underlined word is used correctly: (i) A prone is a dried plum. (ii) He was lying prone on the floor. (iii) People who eat a lot of fat are prone to heart disease. (A) (i) and (iii) only (B) (iii) only (C) (i) and (ii) only (D) (ii) and (iii) only

Prune vs Prone

Q.2 The unruly crowd demanded that the accused be _____________ without trial. (A) hanged (B) hanging (C) hankering (D) hung

 Unruly Crowd Demanded Accused Hanged Without Trial

Q.1 The volume of a sphere of diameter 1 unit is ________ than the volume of a cube of side 1 unit. (A) least (B) less (C) lesser (D) low

Volume of Sphere Diameter 1 Unit vs Cube Side 1 Unit

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