DBT BET JRF 2022 Previous Year Questions and Video solution

An Institute for CSIR NET Life Science- DBT JRF/ M Sc Entrance
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Hygromycin Phosphotransferase Selection Marker for transgenic Plants

Common Selection Marker for Developing Transgenic Plants

Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids Methionine and Cysteine

Identifying Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids

A protein completely unfolds in 8 M Urea. The stability of the folded state in water is calculated to be 8 kcal/mole at 25°𝐶. What is the likely ∆𝐺 of the following reaction in 8 M Urea

Determining the ∆G of Protein Unfolding in 8 M Urea

Citric Acid Production via Aspergillus niger Fermentation

Commercial Production of Citric Acid via Aspergillus niger Fermentation

Latency in Herpes Virus: A Key Characteristic

Latency in Herpes Virus: A Key Characteristic

Which regions of the genome are best suited for generating DNA Barcodes for species identification? A. Organellar genes B. Ribosomal genes C. Histone genes D. Non coding regions of the genome

Best Genomic Regions for DNA Barcoding in Species Identification

Amide bonds between two amino acids (as shown below) are generally in trans-conformation. The atoms are labeled as A1 through A6. The angle measured for defining the trans-conformation of the amide bond is the angle between: A. the atoms A2, A3 and A4. B. the planes formed by A1, A3, A4 and A3, A4, A6. C. the planes formed by A2, A3, A4 and A6, A4, A5. D. the planes formed by A2, A3, A4 and A3, A4, A6

Which Angle Defines the Trans-Conformation of an Amide Bond?

Which one of these is a metal containing Vitamin? A. Vitamin C B. Vitamin B1 C. Vitamin B12 D. Vitamin A

Which Vitamin Contains a Metal? Unveiling the Role of Vitamin B12

Phosphomannose isomerase (PMI) from E. coli was used as selection marker to develop 'golden rice 2'. Reason R: When mannose is added in the selection media, endogenous hexokinase converts mannose into mannose-6-phosphate which blocks glycolysis, ATP production, and represses transcription of photosynthetic genes, resulting in slower growth of non-transformed plants. PMI, on the other hand, converts mannose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate.

Use of PMI in Plant Transformation and the Case of Golden Rice 2

Polycistronic vs Monocistronic mRNA: in Prokaryotes and Plastids

Polycistronic vs Monocistronic mRNA: Insights into Prokaryotes and Plastids

Which command is suitable to list out all the directories in the working directory, in linux/unix environment? A. 𝐼𝑠 − 1|𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑝 𝑑

How to List All Directories in a Linux/Unix Working Directory

VirG in Agrobacterium Two-Component Signaling During Plant Infection

Role of VirG in Agrobacterium Two-Component Signaling During Plant Infection

If in a bioreactor, the gas hold up (𝜀) is 0.1 and the average diameter of the air bubbles is 1 mm; then the interfacial area (of the air bubble – liquid interface), per unit reactor volume is: A. 6000 𝑐𝑚3/𝐼 B. 600 𝑐𝑚3/𝐼 C. 60 𝑐𝑚3/𝐼 D. 6 𝑐𝑚3/𝐼

Interfacial Area Calculation in a Bioreactor with Given Gas Hold-Up and Bubble Diameter

Abundance of Soluble Cations in Saline Water Bodies

Abundance of Soluble Cations in Saline Water Bodies

Proteins usually have hydrophobic interiors or cores and hydrophilic exteriors. If a protein comprises hydrophobic patches on its outer surface, what can it mean? A. The protein is unstable B. Structure prediction was done wrongly C. It could be part of a multimeric protein complex D. It is a DNA-binding protein

Hydrophobic Patches on Protein Surfaces: What Do They Indicate?

Fucoidans are iron containing proteins, found in blue green algae. B. Fucoidans are sulphur containing amino acids found in marine derived proteins. C. Fucoidans are iron containing lipopolysaccharides found in algal biomass. D. Fucoidans are sulfated polysaccharides, found in brown algae, that contain L-fucose among their constituent sugars.

What Are Fucoidans? Composition and Source Explained

Simple and Cost-Effective Way to Detect Product Formation in a Reaction

Simple and Cost-Effective Way to Detect Product Formation in a Reaction

How to Count Lines in a File Using Unix Command Line

How to Count Lines in a File Using Unix Command Line

In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer in Animal Biotechnology

In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer in Animal Biotechnology

For monoclonal antibody production, mammalian expression systems are preferred over bacterial expression systems, primarily because: A. mammalian cultures have better productivity B. mammalian cultures produce extra-cellular product simplifying the purification steps C. mammalian system provide necessary post-translational modifications D. mammalian genes can only be expressed in mammalian systems

Why Mammalian Expression Systems Are Preferred for Monoclonal Antibody Production

DNA Fingerprinting Markers STRs VNTRs RFLP

DNA Fingerprinting: Commonly Used Markers STRs VNTRs RFLP

Active Ingredient in Ground Shark Cartilage Ointment

Active Ingredient in Ground Shark Cartilage Ointment for Wound Healing

Molecular Formula and Molecular Weight of Maltose

Molecular Formula and Molecular Weight of Maltose

Impact of Dilution on pH of Tris-HCl Solution

Impact of Dilution on pH of Tris-HCl Solution

Overexpression of Lectin Genes in Plants

Overexpression of Lectin Genes in Plants and Its Effect on Resistance

Understanding Molecular Weight Differences Between Molecules

Understanding Molecular Weight Differences Between Molecules

100 nM solution of A is incubated with an equal volume of 100 nM solution of B and left at 25°𝐶 till the equilibrium is reached. Finally, when the concentration of A is measured, it is found to be 10 nM. What is the approximate concentration of C when 2 nM solution of A is incubated with an equal volume of 100 nM solution of B under identical conditions?

Understanding Equilibrium Concentrations in Chemical Reactions

Data Types: Identifying What Constitutes a Data Type

Understanding Data Types: Identifying What Constitutes a Data Type

E-value in Pairwise Sequence Matching

Understanding E-value in Pairwise Sequence Matching: Best Practices

During analysis of Next-Gen Sequencing data, what is the advantage of BAM files over SAM files? A. BAM files are human readable while SAM files are not. B. BAM files are larger than SAM files. C. BAM files are smaller than SAM files and hence easier to transfer. D. BAM files can hold more information than SAM files.

BAM vs SAM Files in Next-Gen Sequencing: Advantages and Differences

Due to the difficulty of isolating and culturing, many marine microorganisms are regarded as “viable but non-culturable” (VBNC). Which one of the following is a suitable method to hunt for useful genes in these organisms?

Exploring Marine Microorganisms: Hunting for Useful Genes in “Viable but Non-Culturable” (VBNC) Organisms

Impact of HIV on T-Lymphocytes Cell of Immune System

The Impact of HIV on the Immune System: Understanding AIDS and Its Effects on T-Lymphocytes

Size Exclusion Chromatography: Elution Behavior of Proteins

Understanding Size Exclusion Chromatography: Elution Behavior of Proteins

Biogenesis of Rubisco: The Role of the Large and Small Subunits

Understanding the Biogenesis of Rubisco: The Role of the Large and Small Subunits

Limitations of Double Reciprocal Plot in Determining Vmax and Km

Understanding the Limitations of the Double Reciprocal Plot for Determining Vmax and Km

Transmembrane Proteins Based on Their Sequence Patterns

Identifying Transmembrane Proteins Based on Their Sequence Patterns

Atomic Vectors in Data Representation

Understanding Atomic Vectors in Data Representation

Energy Landscape in Reactions: Determining Reaction Rates

Understanding the Energy Landscape in Reactions: Determining Reaction Rates

Treating Urethritis and Cervicitis Caused by Chlamydia trachomatis

Drug of Choice for Treating Urethritis and Cervicitis Caused by Chlamydia trachomatis

Role of Glial Cells in the Brain: Functions

The Role of Glial Cells in the Brain: Functions and Key Responsibilities

Transmission of Plasmodium: The Role of Sporozoites in Malaria

Transmission of Plasmodium: The Role of Sporozoites in Malaria

Internal Pore Diffusion on Enzyme Kinetics in Bead Entrapment

The Impact of Internal Pore Diffusion on Enzyme Kinetics in Bead Entrapment

robiotics: The Role of Lactobacillus in Gut Health

Understanding Probiotics: The Role of Lactobacillus in Gut Health

Conjugated Proteins and Their Prosthetic Groups

Understanding Conjugated Proteins and Their Prosthetic Groups

Role of Topoisomerase in DNA Replication: Overcoming Tension During Unwinding

Role of Topoisomerase in DNA Replication: Overcoming Tension During Unwinding

Sub-Cellular Localization of NAC Transcription Factors

Understanding the Sub-Cellular Localization of NAC Transcription Factors

T-cell clones in an individual recognize peptides only when bound and displayed by that individual's MHC molecules on the surface of antigen presenting cells. This process is known as: A. MHC selection. B. MHC restriction. C. MHC interaction. D. MHC display.

Understanding MHC Restriction in T-Cell Immune Response

Sequence Alignment and Scoring Matrices in Bioinformatics

Understanding Sequence Alignment and Scoring Matrices in Bioinformatics

Strength of Chemical Bonds and Interactions in Vacuum

Strength of Chemical Bonds and Interactions in Vacuum: A Comparative Analysis

Identify Chiral Centers in Organic Molecules

How to Identify Chiral Centers in Organic Molecules: A Step-by-Step Guide

Calculate the Molecular Weight of the Tripeptide Trp-Gly-His

How to Calculate the Molecular Weight of the Tripeptide Trp-Gly-His

NA Secondary Structure and Its Role in RNA Folding

Understanding RNA Secondary Structure and Its Role in RNA Folding

Sleep Loss on Human Health and Cognition

Effects of Sleep Loss on Human Health and Cognition

Skotomorphogenesis: Growth in the Absence of Light

Understanding Skotomorphogenesis: Growth in the Absence of Light

Diverting Flux to the Methylerythritol Phosphate (MEP) Pathway in Metabolic Engineering

Impact of Diverting Flux to the Methylerythritol Phosphate (MEP) Pathway in Metabolic Engineering

Role of Nod Gene Products in Plant-Microbe Interactions

Function and Role of Nod Gene Products in Plant-Microbe Interactions

Fungi in Degradation and Biodegradation of Organic Substances

Role of Fungi in Degradation and Biodegradation of Organic Substances

miRNA Overexpression on Gene X Expression in Arabidopsis thaliana

The Impact of miRNA Overexpression on Gene X Expression in Arabidopsis thaliana

Penicillin titers have been increased more than 1000 fold by classical mutagenesis from the original Fleming strain. The reason behind this increase in the titer is: A. Increase in the promoter strength of the penicillin encoding genes B. Increase in the stability of the mRNA of these genes C. Increase in the stability of the proteins encoded by these genes D. Removal of the regulatory controls in the penicillin pathway

Factors Contributing to the Increased Penicillin Titers in Mutagenesis

Major Checkpoints in the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle

Understanding Major Checkpoints in the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle

Which one of the following can be considered as a Data Matrix? A. Your weight in kg B. Marks and ages of students in a classroom C. Name of a pet D. A list of things to do

Understanding Data Matrices in Data Science and Analytics

Post-Translational Modifications in Peptides

Understanding Post-Translational Modifications in Peptides

Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) and Its Green Light Emission

Understanding Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) and Its Green Light Emission

Emission Color of Quantum Dots in Fluorescence Microscopy

Understanding the Emission Color of Quantum Dots in Fluorescence Microscopy

Dysbiosis: Its Link to the Human Microbiome

Understanding Dysbiosis: Its Link to the Human Microbiome

Role of Zooxanthellae in Nourishing Coral and Skeleton Formation

The Role of Zooxanthellae in Nourishing Coral and Skeleton Formation

Histone Associated with Centromeric Regions of Chromosomes

Specialized Histone Associated with Centromeric Regions of Chromosomes

The principle microorganism for yogurt is: A. Streptococcus thermophilus B. Lactobacillus acidophilus C. Streptococcus lactis D. Leuconostoc citrovorum

Key Microorganism for Yogurt Production: Streptococcus thermophilus

Factors Affecting the Duration of Declining Log Phase in Monod Kinetics

Factors Affecting the Duration of Declining Log Phase in Monod Kinetics

Specific Growth Rate Pattern in Fed-Batch Reactors with Concentrated Substrate Feed

Specific Growth Rate Pattern in Fed-Batch Reactors with Concentrated Substrate Feed

Histone-DNA Binding: The Role of Amino Acid Composition

Understanding Histone-DNA Binding: The Role of Amino Acid Composition

technique for Histone-Binding Proteins from Native Sources

Best One-Step Purification Technique for Histone-Binding Proteins from Native Sources

A diafiltration process is used to remove salts from a protein solution of 1L. After 1L of makeup buffer (without salts) has been added to this system, the residual salt concentration would be ________ of the original. A. 50% B. 36% C. 10% D. 5%

Understanding Salt Removal Efficiency in Diafiltration: What Happens After One Volume Exchange?

Giardiasis: Site of Infection and Clinical Manifestation

Understanding Giardiasis: Site of Infection and Clinical Manifestation

MacConkey Agar: Selectivity and Bacterial Growth

Understanding MacConkey Agar: Selectivity and Bacterial Growth

The red color of beetroot is due to the presence of: A. Betalains B. Anthocyanins C. Flavonoids D. Carotenoids

What Gives Beetroot Its Red Color? Exploring the Pigments

Which one of the following will NOT change upon adding an enzyme to a chemical reaction or changing the concentration of reactants or products? A. ∆𝐺° B. 𝐾𝑒𝑞 C. ∆𝐺

Constants in Enzymatic Reactions: What Remains Unchanged?

Which one of the following cell separation techniques allows cells from different stages of the cell cycle to be separated simultaneously with minimal perturbation to their physiology? A. counterflow centrifugal elutriation B. fluorescent activated cell sorter C. size exclusion chromatography D. ultracentrifugation

Cell Cycle-Based Cell Separation: The Power of Counterflow Centrifugal Elutriation

Role of 2', 3' Dideoxy-ribonucleoside Triphosphates in DNA Sequencing

Role of 2′, 3′ Dideoxy-ribonucleoside Triphosphates in DNA Sequencing

Proteins are glycosylated in the endoplasmic reticulum. In the final structures, the glycan moieties are typically present: A. on the surface of these proteins. B. in the core of these proteins. C. on the surface as well as in the core of these proteins. D. on the membrane inserted segments of these proteins

Glycosylation of Proteins in the ER: Where Do Glycan Moieties End Up?

Resolution Limits of Conventional Light Microscopy

Resolution Limits of Conventional Light Microscopy: What Can We Really See?

TATA box involved in the initiation of transcription is located in the: A. Promoter region B. Enhancer region C. Exon region D. Intron region

Role and Location of the TATA Box in Transcription Initiation

The ligand binding domain of a ligand gated channel (LGC) has a serine residue, phosphorylation of which is essential for ligand binding. By site directed mutagenesis it was replaced by aspartic acid. The likely consequences will be: A. LGC becomes non-functional B. LGC becomes constitutively active C. No change in function D. It will rapidly shift between active and inactive forms

Effects of Serine-to-Aspartic Acid Mutation in Ligand Gated Channels

Calculating Feed Rate in Fed-Batch Reactors

Calculating Feed Rate in Fed-Batch Reactors: Understanding Exponential Feeding

convert this into image Hygromycin phosphotransferase (D): This is a widely used selection marker in plant biotechnology. It confers resistance to hygromycin, an antibiotic, enabling the growth of only the transformed plant cells or tissues that express this marker.

Identifying Tools for Multiple Sequence Alignment: What Doesn’t Fit?

How to Calculate Final Concentration After Dilution

How to Calculate Final Concentration After Dilution: A Simple Example

Features and Characteristics of Chemical Synapses

Understanding Features and Characteristics of Chemical Synapses

Genetic Disorders Chromosomal Abnormalities

Understanding Genetic Disorders: Matching Chromosomal Abnormalities with Their Syndromes

Role of Hydroxyproline in Collagen Production

Understanding the Role of Hydroxyproline in Collagen Production : Why Proline Labeling Leads to Radioactive Collagen

Calculating Biomass Concentration for Desired Productivity in a CSTR

Calculating Biomass Concentration for Desired Productivity in a CSTR

Where is the greatest likelihood of the occurrence of a Cysteine residue in a protein structure? A. In the active site pocket B. In the beta sheets C. In the turns and loops D. In the alpha helices

Preferred Location of Cysteine Residues in Protein Structures: Active Sites and Functional Roles

Selectable Marker Genes Are Positioned Near Left Border of T-DNA

Why Selectable Marker Genes Are Positioned Near the Left Border of T-DNA in Plant Transformation Vectors

Effective Sewage Treatment and Nitrification By Algal Fish Ponds

Effective Sewage Treatment and Nitrification Using Algal Fish Ponds

Quorum Sensing: The Bacterial Communication System Based on Population Density

Understanding Quorum Sensing: The Bacterial Communication System Based on Population Density

Calculate Reactor Volume from Productivity in Continuous Process

How to Calculate Reactor Volume Based on Productivity in a Continuous Process

Formation of Duplicated Gametes in Interspecies Hybrids:

Formation of Duplicated Gametes in Interspecies Hybrids: What Are They Called?

DNA Binding Domain Leucine-Zipper Motif and Transcription factors

Leucine-Zipper Motif: The Protein Family Most Likely to Contain It

Short Chain variable fragments (ScFv) of antibody are composed of : A. 𝑉𝐻 and 𝑉𝐿 domains with 𝐶𝐻 domain B. 𝑉𝐻 and 𝑉𝐿 domains along with Fc region C. 𝑉𝐻 and 𝑉𝐿 domains D. Only Complementarity Determining Regions

Understanding Short Chain Variable Fragments (ScFv) of Antibodies: Composition and Function

A protein sample isolated from natural source was electrophoresed on a non-reducing SDSPAGE. It migrated as a band corresponding to 60 kDa. When the same protein was electrophoresed on a native-PAGE its migration corresponded to a 120 kDa marker protein. What is a reasonable inference? A. The protein is a dimer of 60 kDa subunits that are not linked with disulfides. B. The protein has two 60 kDa subunits that are linked with disulfides. C. No inference concerning protein size can be drawn since proteins don't run according to their masses in native PAGE. D. The protein is unusually rich in aspartic and glutamic acid.

How to Interpret SDS-PAGE vs Native-PAGE Results: Understanding Protein Structure

Which one of the following organisms is NOT an obligate intracellular parasite and, therefore, can grow on bacteriological media? A. Mycoplasma B. Chlamydia C. Rickettsia D. Adenovirus

Mycoplasma: The Exception Among Intracellular Parasites

X-linked Agammaglobulinemia: Role of BTK Gene Mutation

X-linked Agammaglobulinemia: Understanding the Role of BTK Gene Mutation in Immunodeficiency

The CO-NH moiety between two C-alpha atoms constitutes the Peptide bond. The measured bond lengths (Angstroms) are: C(alpha)-CO (1.51); C=O (1.24); C-N(1.33); N-C(alpha)1.46. In which of these, there is a decrease from the expected bond length due to partial double bond character of the peptide bond? A. C(alpha)-Co B. C=0 C. C-N D. N-C(alpha)

Understanding Peptide Bond Characteristics: Bond Lengths and Double Bond Character

Which of the following statements are correct? A. Lipid bilayer lacking proteins is highly impermeable to all the charged molecules. B. Channels have specific binding pockets for the solute molecules they allow to pass. C. Transporters allow solutes to cross a membrane at much slower rates than do channels. D. The plasma membrane of many animal cells contains open 𝐾 + channels, yet the 𝐾 + concentration in the cytosol is much higher than outside the cell. E. The membrane potential of an axon temporarily becomes more negative when an action potential excites it.

Understanding Membrane Transport: Key Concepts and Correct Statements

Which one among the following is an important constituent of RNA induced silencing complex in plants? A. Argonaute B. LHP1 C. RNaseP D. RNA dependent RNA polymerase

Key Constituent of RNA-Induced Silencing Complex in Plants

Relaxing the Cellular Cytoskeleton in Animal Cloning Protocols

Chemical Used for Relaxing the Cellular Cytoskeleton in Animal Cloning Protocols

Impact of Substrate and Enzyme Concentration on Michaelis-Menten Kinetics

Understanding the Impact of Substrate and Enzyme Concentration on Michaelis-Menten Kinetics

Which one of the following genes can be used to generate male sterile crop plants? A. Barnase B. Bar C. Lectinase D. Chalcone Synthase

Using Genes for Generating Male Sterile Crop Plants: A Key in Agricultural Biotechnology

Mutations and Their Impact on Protein Encoding

Understanding Mutations and Their Impact on Protein Encoding: Major Changes in Protein Function

Reuse of Yeast Cells in Batch Fermentation for Beer Production

Reutilization of Yeast Cells in Batch Fermentation: Key Role in Beer Production

RTS,S vaccine for malaria consists of the central repeat (R) region derived from Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSP) that is genetically fused to the T-cell epitope (T) and surface antigen (S) regions derived from: A. Vaccinia virus B. Hepatitis B virus C. Adenovirus D. Influenza virus

RTS,S Malaria Vaccine Composition: Role of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen in Immunogenic Fusion

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Identifying Adrenergic Agonists in Neuronal Studies: Role of Alpha1 Adrenoceptor Antagonists

Function of Leghaemoglobin in Nitrogen Fixation: Oxygen Sequestration

Function of Leghaemoglobin in Nitrogen Fixation: Why Oxygen Sequestration Matters

For Bingham Plastics and pseudo plastic liquids, the apparent viscosity: A. Increases with increase in shear force B. Decreases with increase in shear force C. Remains constant with increase in shear force D. Changes in an unpredictable fashion with change in shear force

How Shear Force Affects Apparent Viscosity in Bingham Plastics and Pseudoplastic Liquids

In a water sample collected from an industrial cluster, the ratio of BOD:COD is found to be less than 0.3. Which one of the following may be presumed from this initial data? A. There are numerous carbon-based compounds in the sample which are not utilizable by the microbial population. B. The microbial population efficiently utilizes all the organic compounds present in the sample. C. The water sample may contain carbohydrates that promote microbial growth. D. The sample contains lipids and fatty acids which require less oxygen for breakdown

What a Low BOD:COD Ratio Reveals About Industrial Wastewater Quality

Step Involved in Hydrocarbon Conversion to Metabolic Intermediate

Processes Not Involved in Hydrocarbon Conversion to Metabolic Intermediates

Dot Matrix Method in Sequence Alignment

Understanding Dot Matrix Method in Sequence Alignment: Assertion vs Reason

Protein A used for the purification of IgG is isolated from: A. Staphylococcus aureus B. Streptomyces lividans C. Streptomyces pyogenes D. Staphylococcus carnosus

Understanding Protein A and Its Use in IgG Purification

Residence Time in a Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR)

Understanding Residence Time in a Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR)

Which one of the following is true for PAM250 Scoring Matrix? A. It is used for structural database search. B. It is based on an evolutionary model that predicts the types of amino acid changes over long periods of time. C. It can be used to score alignments for nucleotide changes over long periods of time. D. It can distinguish synonymous and non-synomynous mutations

Understanding the PAM250 Scoring Matrix: Key Insights

Which one of the following is NOT extracted from seaweeds: A. Agar B. Alginate C. Calcium D. Aginomoto

Understanding the Extracts from Seaweeds: What is NOT Extracted?

Understanding Washout in External Recycle Reactors (CSTR with External Recycle)

Understanding Washout in External Recycle Reactors (CSTR with External Recycle)

Which one of the following DOES NOT represent known interactions of RNA secondary structural elements? A. Pseudo knot B. Kissing hairpins C. Hairpin-bulge contact D. Helix-turn-helix

Understanding RNA Secondary Structural Elements and Their Interactions

Hypersensitive Response in Plants During Microbial Attack

Understanding the Hypersensitive Response in Plants During Microbial Attack

the Occurrence of Proline Residues in Protein Structures

Understanding the Occurrence of Proline Residues in Protein Structures

Understanding E-Value in BLASTp Results

Understanding E-Value in BLASTp Results

Cryptochromes control photomorphogenesis in response to: Options:- A. Red light B. Far-red light C. Infra-red light D. Blue and UV-A light

Understanding the Role of Cryptochromes in Photomorphogenesis

The entropy of a growing cell does NOT keep increasing continuously because: Options:- A. The cell is a highly structured system B. The information content in the DNA is very high C. Various regulatory loops provide feedback to the system D. The cell is an open system allowing both matter and energy to be exchanged with surroundings

Understanding Entropy in Growing Cells

When ice absorbs latent heat at a constant pressure to melt from solid to liquid state at constant temperature, which of the following changes are happening? A. Entropy of the system is increasing. B. 𝐶𝑝 (heat capacity at constant pressure) of the system is infinite or undefined. C. Enthalpy of the system is increasing. D. 𝐶𝑝 of the system is zero.

Understanding the Thermodynamic Changes During Ice Melting

Naturally Occurring D-Amino Acids and Vitamin A-Rich Foods

Properties of Naturally Occurring D-Amino Acids and Vitamin A-Rich Foods

Differential Expression of Gene: Parentage of Inheritance

Understanding Differential Expression of Genetic Material: Parentage of Inheritance

In animal cloning, donor somatic cells should be in which stage of cell cycle? A. G1, B. S, C. G2, D. G0

The Role of Donor Somatic Cells in Animal Cloning and the Cell Cycle Stage

A protein with 10 lysines and 2 arginine residues was digested with trypsin and the peptide mixture was resolved on an SDS-PAGE. After silver staining, 10 bands were detected instead of 13. Select the plausible reasons from the following: A. Some of the Arginines and Lysines were inside the protein core. B. Some of the Arginines and Lysines were followed by a Proline residue. C. Some of the Arginines and Lysines were followed by a negatively charged residue. D. Some of the Lysines were modified at the epsilon Nitrogen atom. E. One of the Lysine or Arginine was at the extreme C-terminus.

Understanding Trypsin Digestion and SDS-PAGE Analysis of Peptides

Leishmaniasis and Its Transmission

Understanding Leishmaniasis and Its Transmission

Action Spectrum Depicts Magnitude of Response To Light

Understanding Action Spectrum and Its Role in Biological Systems

Heating of preoptic anterior hypothalamic area of the brain caused profuse sweating and dilation of blood vessels of the skin. Reason R: The above (in A) is to absorb more heat into the body and throw out waste from the body.

Understanding Thermoregulation: The Role of the Hypothalamus in Sweating and Blood Vessel Dilation

Mycoplasma is a bacteria without cell wall, and it stains negative in Gram staining. Reason R: Only bacteria that have a cell wall would stain positive in Gram staining.

Understanding Mycoplasma and Gram Staining: Exploring the Relationship

Which one of the following Immunoglobulins cause type 1 allergic reaction? A. IgG B. IgM C. IgE D. IgA

Immunoglobulins Involved in Type 1 Allergic Reactions: A Detailed Explanation

Reduce Shear Rate of Reactor Without Changing Power Consumption

How to Reduce Maximum Shear Rate in a Reactor Without Changing Power Consumption

Measure of Similarity Between Aligned Macromolecules

Understanding the Measure of Similarity Between Aligned Macromolecules

One centimorgan is defined as the genetic distance between two loci with a statistically corrected recombination frequency of

Understanding Centimorgan and Genetic Distance in Genetics

DNA isolated from four unidentified species of bacteria - A, B, C and D has been estimated to have 38%, 26%, 24% and 12% thymine, respectively. One of these four species was isolated from a hot spring (64°𝐶). Identify the candidate which is most likely to be a thermophilic bacterium

Identifying Thermophilic Bacteria Based on DNA Composition

Role of Delta and Notch in Metazoan Development

Understanding the Role of Delta and Notch in Metazoan Development

Probability in Dilution Plating: The probability of X and Y Bacteria

Understanding Probability in Dilution Plating: Determining the Likelihood of Colony Types

Cytosine Methylation in CpG Motifs of Protein-Coding Genes

Understanding Cytosine Methylation in Protein-Coding Genes: The Key Role of CpG Motifs

i. RNA polymerase I a. mRNA, mIRNA, snRNA genes ii. RNA polymerase II b. tRNa and 5S rRNA genes iii. RNA polymerase III c. rRNA genes

Understanding the Role of Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases in Gene Transcription

Carbon Source of Acetyl Co-A : Ethanol, Pyruvate Valine,Isoleucine

Understanding Acetyl Co-A Carbon Sources: Key Compounds in Metabolism

Eukaryotic RNA Polymerase II transcribes: A. rRNA and tRNA genes B. mRNA and tRNA genes C. mRNA and 5S rRNA genes D. mRNA, miRNA and snRNA genes

The Role of Eukaryotic RNA Polymerase II: Transcribing mRNA, miRNA, and snRNA Genes

Which one of the following acts as a linker histone? A. H1 B. H2A C. H2B D. H3

Understanding Linker Histones: The Role of H1 in Chromatin Structure

The melting temperature (𝑡𝑚) of DNA is higher when the content of: A. A:T base pairs is higher. B. G:C base pairs is higher. C. A:T base pairs is same as G:C base pairs. D. G:C base pairs is lower

Why G:C Base Pairs Increase the Melting Temperature of DNA

Reverse Phase chromatography of a mixture of protein and sodium chloride: A. The salt will elute before the protein B. The salt and protein will co-elute C. The salt will elute after the protein D. The salt will elute but the protein will not

Reverse Phase Chromatography: Elution Order of Protein and Salt

An enzyme is governed by Michaelis-Menten Kinetics. The apparent 𝐾𝑀 increases four fold due to the addition of inhibitor but the reaction rate declines by 50%. The substrate concentration in the reaction is: A. 𝑆 = 𝐾𝑀 B. 𝑆 = 2 𝐾𝑀 C. 𝑆 = 3 𝐾𝑀 D. 𝑆 = 4 𝐾

Understanding Michaelis-Menten Kinetics with Inhibitor effect on Km

The motifs commonly found in the core promoter of eukaryotic protein coding genes are: A. TATA and Pribnow box B. Motif ten element and TATA C. BRE and Kozak consensus sequence D. TRE and TATA

Motifs in Eukaryotic Core Promoters: TATA and MTE

A 100 m long train is running at a speed of 68 km/h. A man is also running in the same direction with a speed of 8 km/h. In what time will the train overtake the running man? A. 6 sec B. 9 sec C. 6 min D. 9 min

Time Taken by a Train to Overtake a Man Running in the Same Direction

Number Series Logic: What Comes After 71, 76, 69, 74, 67, 72

Number Series Logic: What Comes After 71, 76, 69, 74, 67, 72

Which one of the following statements is true with respect to optical activity? A. A relationship exists between the (R) and (S) configurations of enantiomers and the direction [(+) or (-)] in which they rotate plane-polarized light. B. Equimolar mixture of D and L isomers of the same compound will be optically active. C. Meso compounds that are optically inactive may contain stereogenic centers or chiral centers. D. Optical activity is independent of temperature.

Why Meso Compounds Can Be Optically Inactive Despite Chirality

While measuring the potassium concentration in a drug formulation, the technologist took 10 𝜇𝑙 of the sample and mixed it with 90 𝜇𝑙 of test buffer. From the resulting solution, he took 5 𝜇𝑙 and measured its total potassium content as 25 ng. What would be the concentration of potassium in the drug formulation? A. 50 ng/ 𝜇𝑙 B. 25 ng/ 𝜇𝑙 C. 75 ng/ 𝜇𝑙 D. 100 ng/ 𝜇𝑙

How to Calculate Potassium Concentration in a Drug Formulation

If you mixed 20 mL of 50 mM sodium acetate (NaOAc) with 30 mL of 25 mM glucose, what would be the concentration of each in the final solution? A. 50 mM NAOAc, 25 mM Glucose B. 20 mm NaOAc, 15 mM Glucose C. 30 mm NaOAc, 20 mM Glucose D. 40 mM NaOAc, 10 mM Glucose

Mixing Solutions: Sodium Acetate and Glucose

The function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 6 is plotted along with its inverse function 𝑦 = 𝑓−1(𝑥), where essentially the x & y axis are interchanged. These two curves will intersect at: A. (0, 0) B. (2, 3) C. (2, 2) & (3, 3) D. (−2, −2) & (3, 3)

Intersection Points of a Function and Its Inverse f(x) = x² − 6

Original Fraction After Percentage Changes

You are measuring blood glucose level by glucose oxidase method. Following are the absorbance values that you got for the standard and the test sample. Determine the glucose concentration in the test sample: sample Concentration 𝐴505 Standard 1 0.4 mmol/L 0.120 Standard 2 0.6 mmol/L 0.180 Standard 3 0.8 mmol/L 0.240 unknown ? 0.210

Calculate Blood Glucose Concentration Using the Glucose Oxidase Method

Match the items in List I with the items in List II List I List II A. Sucrose I. 𝛽-glycosidic link (D-glucose) B. Lactose II. 𝛼-glycosidic link (D-glucose) C. Maltose III. 𝛽-glycosidic link (D-glucose and D-galactose) D. Cellobiose IV. 𝛼-1, 𝛽-2-glycosidic link(D-glucose and D-fructose)

Understanding Disaccharides and Their Glycosidic Linkages

500 mg of a drug (Molecular weight 100) was intravenously injected into an individual having a blood volume of 5 litre. The drug is neither absorbed by the tissues nor it is excreted. If the drug is metabolized so that half of it is degraded in eight hours, what would be the molar concentration of the drug one day after injection? A. 2.5 mm B. 1.25 mM C. 0.625 mm D. 0.0312 mM

Calculating Drug Concentration After One Day

Identify the sum of 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐, provided the total of each row and each column is same. 11 16 a 10 b 14 c 8 13

Solving the Magic Square: Find the Sum of a + b + c

Gap junctions are absent in: A. Brain cells. B. Cardiac muscle cells. C. Liver cells. D. Erythrocytes.

Which Cells Lack Gap Junctions

Methylation Motifs in Plant Protein-Coding Genes:

Methylation Motifs in Plant Protein-Coding Genes:

RNA polymerase preinitiation complex transcription factors

RNA polymerase preinitiation complex transcription factors

DNA length calculation 10 million base pairs

How Long Is a DNA Molecule with 10 Million Base Pairs

Enzyme That Connects Carbon and Nitrogen

Enzyme That Connects Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism

What Happens When Sucrose Is Hydrolysed with HCl

What Happens When Sucrose Is Hydrolysed with HCl

Forming Words from 'PATALIPUTRA'

How Many Words Can Be Formed from ‘PATALIPUTRA

If 8% of x = 4% of y, then 20% of x is? A. 10% of y B. 16% of y C. 80% of y D. 40% of y

Percentage Puzzle: If 8% of x = 4% of y, Then What Is 20% of x?

Entropy Changes When Toluene Enters Water

What Happens When Toluene is Introduced into Water

INCORRECT statement for a competitive reaction

Identifying the Incorrect Statement in Competitive Enzyme Inhibition

Molarity of D₂O in Heavy Water

Understanding the Molarity of D₂O in Heavy Water

Core Components of Nucleosomes in Eukaryotes

Core Components of Nucleosomes in Eukaryotes

Role of Phospholipase C : Cleaving PIP2 into IP3 and DAG

Role of Phospholipase C : Cleaving PIP2 into IP3 and DAG

If 48 men can do a piece of work in 25 hours, how much time will it take for 15 men to finish the same task? A. 75 hours B. 60 hours C. 80 hours D. 85 hours

How Long Will 15 Men Take to Complete a Task Done by 48 Men in 25 Hours?

Understanding the Probability of the Sum of Two Random Numbers

Understanding the Probability of the Sum of Two Random Numbers

Extra distance covered by aircraft flying above Earth

How Much Extra Distance an Aircraft Cover When Circumnavigating the Earth

Bacterial growth in 30 minutes

Bacterial Growth: How Cell Mass Increases in 30 Minutes

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