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Which one of the following combinations is the correct pairing of ligands with their receptors? (i) FGF (a) Patched (ii) Hedgehog (b) Frizzled (iii) Wnt (c) Receptor tyrosine kinase (1) […]

8. Some T lymphocytes respond to antigen stimulation by synthesizing a growth factor that causes T cell proliferation thereby increasing the responsive T lymphocytes resulting in amplification of the immune […]

7. Which of the following is NOT a second messenger? (1) cyclic GMP (2) Diacylglycerol (3) Inositol triphosphate (4) Phosphatidyl inositol Introduction Cell signaling involves complex pathways where extracellular signals […]

6. The second messenger, which opens calcium ion pores in endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane is (1) Diacylglycerol (2) cAMP (3) Phosphatidyl inositol bisphosphate (4) Inositol triphosphate Inositol Triphosphate and […]

5. Which of the following signaling molecules enters the cell to initiate its action? (1) Transferrin      (2) Insulin (3) Glucagon       (4) Thyroxine Overview of Signaling Molecules and Their Entry Modes […]

4. Which one of the following signaling molecules is NOT a protein or a peptide? (1) Transforming growth factor a (TGF-a) (2) Erythropoietin (3) Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (4) Epinephrine […]

Which one of the following statements regarding ligand identity and effector dynamics is typically correct? (1) Specificity of receptors do not determine effector dynamics. (2) Ligands and receptors do not […]

2. Which statement is correct for membrane receptors for signal transduction? (1) Contain single or multiple membranes spanning domain (2) Always coupled with trimeric G protein (3) Always results in […]

1. Electrical synapsis and signaling are communicated by (1) Neurotransmitters (2) hormones (3) Gap junctions (4) membrane proteins Electrical synapses represent a critical mechanism by which neurons communicate rapidly and […]