4. Covalent bond formation between two atoms takes place by
   (1) Transfer of electron from one atom to other
   (2) One Side sharing of electrons
   (3) Electron sharing by two electronegative atoms
   (4) Affinity between two atoms

Covalent Bond Formation: How Atoms Share Electrons

What is a Covalent Bond?

A covalent bond is a type of chemical bond where two atoms share electrons to achieve stability. This bond typically forms between two non-metal atoms with similar electronegativity values.

How Do Covalent Bonds Form?

 The Process of Covalent Bonding

Covalent bonds form when atoms achieve a stable electron configuration by sharing electrons instead of transferring them.

Analyzing the Given Options

Let’s analyze the multiple-choice options to determine the correct explanation of covalent bond formation:

1. Transfer of electron from one atom to another ❌
   • This describes ionic bonding, not covalent bonding.
2. One-sided sharing of electrons ❌
   • Covalent bonding involves mutual sharing, not one-sided sharing.
3. Electron sharing by two electronegative atoms ✅
   • Correct! Covalent bonds form when two atoms, usually nonmetals, share electrons.
4. Affinity between two atoms ❌
   • Affinity refers to attraction but does not fully describe the mechanism of covalent bonding.

Correct Answer

The correct choice is:

(3) Electron sharing by two electronegative atoms

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