A protein in 100 mM KCl solution was heated and the observed Tm (midpoint of unfolding) was 600C. When the same protein solution in 500 mM KCl was heated, the […]
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Understanding Protein Denaturation by Organic Solvents: Hydrophobic Interactions Are Mainly Affected
Globular protein when treated with organic solvent get denatured. The main interaction which is affected on treatment with organic solvent is (1) Hydrogen bonds (2) Covalent bonds (3) Ionic interactions […]
What Determines the Shape of Protein Stability Curves? The Crucial Role of Hydrophobic Interactions
Values of Tm (midpoint of denaturation), ΔHm (enthalpy change at Tm) and ΔCP (constant-pressure heat capacity change) of a protein are measured in a differential scanning calorimeter. ΔGD(T), the Gibbs […]
Understanding the Replication Process of ΦX174: From Single-Stranded DNA to Progeny Phages
Key Points About ΦX174 Replication 88. Reproduction of Φ x 174, a single stranded DNA phage involves several steps. A few statements are given below to explain the mechanism. […]
Key Facts About Mitochondria: D-loop Function, Strand Composition, tRNA Import, Protein Synthesis Inhibitors, and mtDNA Forms
Following statements were made about mitochondria: (A) The D loop of the mitochondrial genome is required for replication, but not for the regulation of transcription. (B) The L strand of […]
Key Features of the Human Mitochondrial Genome: Replication, Transcription, and Structure
86. Following statements were made about human mitochondrial genome: A. The replication of both the H and L strands is unidirectional and begins at specific origins B. Majority of the […]
Understanding the High Copy Number of pUC18: Mutation in RNAII and Absence of Rop Gene
The ColE1 plasmid has a low to medium copy number. However, pUC18, which is also a ColE1- based plasmid, has a high copy number because: (1) It has a mutation […]
How Mutations in RepA Dimerization Domain Convert Stringent Plasmid Replication to Relaxed Mode
Plasmid copy number achieved by plasmid-encoded control elements that regulate the initiation of the replication step. For example in stringent plasmid protein Rep A dimerize and binds to origin of […]
Retroviral Reverse Transcriptase: The RNA-Dependent DNA Polymerase Essential for Viral Replication
Reverse transcriptase of retero virus is- (1) DNA dependent DNA polymerase (2) DNA dependent RNA polymerase (3) RNA dependent DNA polymerase (4) RNA dependent RNA polymerase What Is Retroviral […]
Understanding the Ribonuclease Activity of Reverse Transcriptase: Degradation of RNA Strand in RNA/DNA Hybrids
Reverse transcriptase has both ribonuclease and polymerase activities. Ribonuclease activity is required for (1)the synthesis of new RNA strand (2)the degradation RNA strand (3)the synthesis of new DNA strand (4)the […]


