Q.53 Introduction of foreign genes into plant cells can be carried out using
(A) Agrobacterium
(B) CaCl2 mediated plasmid uptake
(C) Electroporation
(D) Gene gun

Foreign gene introduction into plant cells primarily uses Agrobacterium due to its natural T-DNA transfer mechanism. This MCQ highlights key plant transformation techniques used in biotechnology.

Correct Answer

Option (A) Agrobacterium is the most effective and widely used method for introducing foreign genes into plant cells.​

Agrobacterium Method

Agrobacterium tumefaciens naturally transfers T-DNA from its Ti plasmid into wounded plant cells, integrating it into the host genome. Disarmed strains replace oncogenic genes with desired foreign DNA for stable transformation in dicots and many monocots. This biological vector excels in efficiency and heritability over physical methods.​

CaCl2 Mediated Plasmid Uptake

CaCl₂ treatment facilitates DNA uptake in bacterial cells by altering membrane permeability, but plant cells possess thick cell walls that block direct plasmid entry. This chemical method suits prokaryotes, not eukaryotes like plants, making it ineffective for plant transformation.​

Electroporation Technique

Electroporation applies electric pulses to create temporary pores in protoplast membranes, allowing DNA entry followed by cell wall regeneration. It works for plant protoplasts but faces challenges in intact cell transformation and low efficiency for whole plants.​

Gene Gun Approach

The gene gun, or biolistic method, propels DNA-coated gold/tungsten particles into plant cells, bypassing cell walls. Effective for recalcitrant species, it risks multiple DNA insertions and genome damage, unlike Agrobacterium’s precise single-copy integration.​