Which of the following is NOT a post-translational modification in a mammalian system? (1) palmitoylation (2) glycosylation (3) peptidylation (4) phosphorylation Introduction to Post-Translational Modifications Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are chemical […]
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When Is β-Galactosidase Expressed in a trp-lac Operon Fusion? Understanding the Impact of Tryptophan Levels
23. In an experimental approach regulatory sequences of trp operon were fused with structural genes of lac operon. Under what condition there would be expression Of β-galactosidase? (1) Low lactose […]
Understanding Co-Translational Protein Modification: Myristoylation vs. Palmitoylation, Farnesylation, and Cholesterol Addition
Which one of following modification of proteins is co translational? (1) Palmitoylation (2) Myristoylation (3) Famesylation (4) addition of cholesterol Introduction to Protein Modification Proteins undergo a variety of modifications […]
How to Identify Structural, Operator, and Repressor Genes in a Hypothetical Amino Acid Operon
A hypothetical operon involved in the synthesis of an amino acid ‘X’ is ‘ON’ (transcribing) in the presence of low levels of ‘X’ and ‘Off’ (not transcribing) in presence of […]
Understanding mRNA Premature Termination: How Transition Mutations in UAA Stop Codon Can Reverse Immature Termination
In m-RNA immature termination occurs due to stop codon UAA. Which of the following transition mutation will lead to its reversal? (1) Change at first U (2) Change at first […]
Prokaryotic Translation Termination: Mechanism of Release Factors RF1, RF2, and RF3 in Stop Codon Recognition and Polypeptide Release
During translation in prokaryotes, when ribosomes reach the termination codon, the termination codon is recognized by the class I release factors (RF1 or RF2) leading to the release of the […]
How Is Protein Synthesis Terminated? Understanding the Role of Stop Codons and Release Factors in Translation
The genetic code has 61 codons for amino acids and termination codons. How protein synthesis is terminated? (1) There are specific tRNAs for stop codons (2) Release factors mediate termination […]
Ribosomal Translocation in E. coli: Mechanism, GTP/EF-G Dependence, and In Vitro vs. In Vivo Dynamics
During elongation step or protein synthesis, translocation moves the mRNA and the peptidyl t-RNA by one codon through the ribosome. Translocation in E.coli involves GTP and EF-G. However, in vitro […]
Protein Synthesis and Trypsin Digestion: Which Peptide Fragment Carries Maximum 14C Label at Early Synthesis Stage?
A protein has 4 equally spaced trypsin sensitive sites which results in peptide fragments A1, A2, A3, A4 and A5 upon digestion with trypsin. Peptides A2 and As, represents N-terminal […]
The Science of Color Development in E. coli: LacZ, X-gal, ONPG, and MacConkey Agar Explained
19. Which one of the following statements relating to the mechanism of color development in response to LacZ expression in Escherichia coli is INCORRECT? (1) E. coli growth on LB […]


