Parasympathetic control of the heart via the vagus nerve is the primary mechanism that regulates beat-to-beat control of heart rate. Neurotransmitter released by vagus nerve is (1) Adrenaline (2) Acetyl […]
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Molecular Mechanisms of Thyroid Hormone (T3) Effects on Heart Rate and Cardiac Contractility
Thyroid hormone (T3) increases the heart rate and the force of contraction of cardiac muscles. The mechanisms of these effects of T3 have been explained by a researcher in the […]
Characteristic Features of Atrial Stretch Receptors and Their Role in Blood Pressure Regulation
The following statements were proposed by a researcher on the characteristic features of stretch receptors in atria and the effect of these receptors’ activity on blood pressure regulation: A. The […]
Mechanism of Respiratory Waves in Arterial Pressure: Understanding Physiological Insights
The arterial pressure usually raises and falls 4 to 6 mm Hg in a wave like manner causing “respiratory waves”. The probable mechanism of these waves has been proposed in […]
How Heart Rate Changes During Respiratory Phases: True Mechanism of Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia
The heart rate shows variation during respiratory rhythm in most human subjects. Which one of the following statements describing the changes of heart rate during respiratory phases is true? (1) […]
Carotid Sinus Baroreceptor Discharge Patterns: Relationship with Mean Arterial Pressure and Pulse Phase
An isolated carotid sinus was prepared so that the pressure may be regulated by a pump and the resulting discharge in single carotid sinus nerve fibre could be recorded. The […]
Understanding Carotid Sinus Baroreceptor Discharge Patterns at Various Mean Arterial Pressures
19. The discharge patterns in a single afferent nerve fibre from carotid sinus at various levels of mean arterial pressure (MAP) are plotted against changes in aortic pressure with time […]
Location of Neurons Carrying Afferent Fibers from Carotid Sinus Baroreceptors
The activities of baroreceptors present in the carotid sinus are carried by the afferent fibers of neurons located in (1) nodose ganglion (2) geniculate ganglion (3) petrosal ganglion (4) spiral […]
Effects of Baroreceptor Stimulation: Which Change Does NOT Occur?
Which one of the following does NOT occur due to stimulation of baroreceptors? (1) Bradycardia (2) Hypotension (3) Venodialation (4) Vasoconstriction What Happens When Baroreceptors Are Stimulated? Baroreceptors are […]
How Sympathetic Stimulation Increases Heart Rate by Modulating Ion Channels in Nodal Tissue
Which one of the following changes will occur in the cell membrane of nodal tissue of heart, which results in an increased heart rate due to stimulation of sympathetic nerves? […]


