The Cl content of red blood cells (RBCs) in the venous blood was found to be higher than that in arterial blood in a human subject. Following proposals were made […]
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Understanding Why Red Blood Cells Swell in Venous Blood: Role of Chloride/Bicarbonate Exchanger
The volume of RBCs in venous blood is greater than that of arterial blood, as water accumulates in these cells. Which one of the following is true for the accumulation […]
Why Are Red Blood Cells Larger in Venous Blood than Arterial Blood? Understanding the Mechanism Behind RBC Size Variation
The size of red blood cells (RBC) in venous blood is greater than that of arterial blood. This increased size of red blood cell in the venous blood is due […]
Understanding CO2 Dissociation Curves in Oxygenated vs Deoxygenated Blood: Correct Mechanisms of CO2 Transport
The CO2 dissociation curves of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood are given along with dissolved CO2 below Following are the statements deduced from the curves above and or based on the […]
Mechanisms of Increased P50 During Exercise: Identifying Incorrect Statements About Hemoglobin Oxygen Affinity
The P50 value of haemoglobin for oxygen is increased during exercise. The mechanism of this change is described in the following proposed statements. A. Increased CO2 production by muscles elevated […]
Understanding Hemoglobin’s Buffering Capacity: The Role of Histidine and Imidazole Groups
Given below are some statements made on the buffering capacity of hemoglobin (Hb) in contributing to acid-base balance in the body. A. Hb buffering capacity is due to large number […]
Understanding the Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve S-Shape: Identifying Incorrect Statements About Hemoglobin’s Oxygen Affinity
The oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve illustrates the relationship between pO2 in blood and the number of O2 molecules bound to haemoglobin. The ‘S’ shape of the curve has been explained in […]
Kussmaul Breathing: Understanding Deep and Rapid Breathing in Diabetic Metabolic Acidosis
A diabetic patient developed metabolic acidosis resulting in deep and rapid breathing which is called (1) Kussmaul breathing (2) Cheyne-Stokes respiratory pattern (3) Apneustic breathing (4) Periodic breathing Introduction […]
Truths and Myths About Red Blood Cell Production During High-Altitude Hypoxia
In high altitude, hypoxia induces increased number of circulating red blood cells, which can be explained by the following changes: A. The transcription factors, HIPS are produced. B. Erythropoietin secretion […]
Identifying Incorrect Statements About Human Acclimatization to High Altitude
In high altitude, a number of compensatory mechanisms operate over a period of time to increase altitude tolerance in humans which is called acclimatization. The following statements propose these compensatory […]


