During nerve stimulation when acetyl choline binds its receptors, there is (1) In flow K+ ions (2) In flow of Na+ (3) In flow of K+ ions and outflow of […]
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What Happens to Neurons When Potassium Is Removed? Understanding Ionic Movement and Neuronal Physiology
What would be net effect if we remove K+ from the surrounding of neurons? (1) Influx of K+ (2) efflux of K+ (3) Influx of Na+ (4) Efflux of Na+ […]
Chemical Properties and Distribution of Respiratory Pigments in Animals: Identifying Incorrect Statements
Following statements are made about the chemical properties and distributions of the respiratory pigments found in animals: A. Hemoglobins are the most common and widespread respiratory pigments in vertebrates and […]
The Glucose Attachment Site in Hemoglobin A1c: Understanding Its Role in Diabetes Monitoring
Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) from diabetic mellitus individuals has a glucose molecule attached to which one of the terminal amino acid residues of globin chain? (1) Lysine of each α chain […]
Understanding the Composition of Atmosphere in Sealed Spacecraft: Safety and Efficiency in Space Missions
The atmosphere in sealed space craft contains (1) pure oxygen (2) a mix of oxygen and nitrogen (3) mix of oxygen and carbon dioxide (4) pressurized atmospheric air available normally […]
Which Oxygen Binding Step to Hemoglobin is the Fastest? Understanding the Kinetics of Hemoglobin-Oxygen Interactions
One hemoglobin molecule containing four heme groups can bind with four O2. The reactions of Hb and O2 are shown below. Which one of the following reactions is fastest? (1) […]
Explaining the Increased Chloride Content in Venous Red Blood Cells Compared to Arterial Blood: Understanding the Chloride Shift
The Cl content of red blood cells (RBCs) in the venous blood was found to be higher than that in arterial blood in a human subject. Following proposals were made […]
Understanding Why Red Blood Cells Swell in Venous Blood: Role of Chloride/Bicarbonate Exchanger
The volume of RBCs in venous blood is greater than that of arterial blood, as water accumulates in these cells. Which one of the following is true for the accumulation […]
Why Are Red Blood Cells Larger in Venous Blood than Arterial Blood? Understanding the Mechanism Behind RBC Size Variation
The size of red blood cells (RBC) in venous blood is greater than that of arterial blood. This increased size of red blood cell in the venous blood is due […]
Understanding CO2 Dissociation Curves in Oxygenated vs Deoxygenated Blood: Correct Mechanisms of CO2 Transport
The CO2 dissociation curves of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood are given along with dissolved CO2 below Following are the statements deduced from the curves above and or based on the […]


