Two individuals A and B, each of 75 kg body weight, have similar volume of body water. Both of them had high salt snack. However, individual A also had a […]
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How Aldosterone and ADH Regulate Water and Sodium Balance in the Body
A boy eats a large serving of cheese having high amount of sodium. He hardly drinks any fluid. Inspite of this, the water and electrolyte balance was maintained. Which one […]
Substances That Inhibit Water and NaCl Reabsorption in the Kidney: Understanding Key Regulatory Hormones and Agents
The reabsorption of water and NaCl in kidneys is inhibited by the increased secretion of the following substances EXCEPT one: (1) Urodilatin (2) Uroguanylin (3) Dopamine (4) Norepinephrine Water and […]
Agents That Cause Relaxation of Mesangial Cells: Key Physiological Insights
Which one of the following agents cause relaxation of mesenglial cells? (1) Histamine (2) Thrombaxane A2 (3) Norepinephrine (4) Dopamine Mesangial cells are specialized contractile cells located within the glomerulus […]
Factors That Inhibit Renin Secretion in the Kidney: Physiological Insights
Which one of the following factors inhibits rennin secretion ? (1) Increased level of plasma catecholamines. (2) Increased blood pressure in the afferent arterioles leading to glomerulus. (3) Increased activity […]
Functions of Angiotensin II: Understanding Its Roles in Cardiovascular and Renal Physiology
Which one of the following is NOT a function of angiotensin ll? (1) Facilitates the release of norepinephrine from post- ganglionic sympathetic neurons (2) Increases the sensitivity of baroreflex by […]
Mechanisms of Vasopressin Action: Distinguishing V1 and V2 Receptor Functions in Kidney and Blood Vessels
Certain statements made on the mechanisms of action of a neuro-hormone, vasopressin (VP) are given below: A. VP acts on collecting ducts of kidney to concentrate urine by binding to […]
Understanding the Substrate for Renin: What is Angiotensinogen?
Substrate for Renin, also called angiotensinogenase, is (1) Angiotensinogen (2) Angiotensis l (3) Angiotensin ll (4) Renin Renin, also known as angiotensinogenase, is a crucial enzyme produced and released primarily […]
Kidney Regulation of Potassium in Hypokalemia: Understanding the Mechanisms After Severe Diarrhea
After severe diarrhoea, the plasma K+ concentration became low (i.e, hypokalemia developed) in a human subject. The following statements are proposed to explain the mechanism of plasma K+ regulation by […]
Aldosterone’s Role in Sodium Reabsorption in the Thick Ascending Limb and Distal Tubule: A Detailed Mechanism Review
Aldosterone increases the reabsorption of Na+ from the tubular fluid in the thick ascending limb of loop of Henle and in the distal tubule. These effects are explained in the […]


