- An organism influence the evolutionary pace of the other organism in
(1) Co-evolution (2) Parallel evolution
(3) Convergent evolution (4) Divergent evolutionWhat is Co-evolution?
Co-evolution is defined as the process of reciprocal evolutionary change between pairs or groups of species as they interact with one another. Each species imposes selective pressures on the other, leading to a dynamic cycle of adaptation and counter-adaptation. This reciprocal influence is seen in many ecological relationships, including predator-prey, parasite-host, mutualistic partnerships, and even interspecific competition.
How Does Co-evolution Work?
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When a prey species evolves a new defense, predators may evolve new hunting strategies or physical adaptations to overcome that defense.
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In mutualistic relationships, such as between flowering plants and their pollinators, changes in one partner (like flower shape) can drive changes in the other (like pollinator feeding structures).
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In host-parasite systems, hosts may evolve resistance, prompting parasites to evolve new mechanisms to infect or exploit the host.
This ongoing, reciprocal adaptation is the hallmark of co-evolution, setting it apart from other evolutionary processes.
How Co-evolution Differs from Other Evolutionary Processes
Evolutionary Process Description Reciprocal Influence? Co-evolution Reciprocal evolutionary changes driven by interactions between species Yes Parallel Evolution Similar traits evolve independently in related species, usually due to similar environments No Convergent Evolution Unrelated species evolve similar traits due to similar selective pressures No Divergent Evolution Related species evolve different traits, often after becoming isolated No Only co-evolution involves a two-way, reciprocal influence where each organism’s evolutionary changes directly affect the other’s evolutionary trajectory.
Real-World Examples
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Predator and Prey: Faster prey select for faster predators, and vice versa.
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Plants and Pollinators: Changes in flower color, shape, or scent can drive changes in pollinator preferences and anatomy.
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Host and Parasite: Hosts evolve defenses, parasites evolve counter-defenses, creating an evolutionary arms race.
Conclusion
When an organism influences the evolutionary pace of another, the process is called co-evolution. This dynamic interaction is a major force shaping the diversity and complexity of life on Earth, driving the evolution of traits and sometimes even leading to the emergence of new species.
Correct answer:
(1) Co-evolution -
