When an allele changes frequency not because it itself is under natural selection, but because it is near another gene that is undergoing a selective sweep and that is on […]
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Understanding Linkage Disequilibrium: Non-Random Association of Alleles in Populations
The phenomenon of the non-random association of alleles at different loci in a given population, where the frequency of association of their different alleles is higher or lower than what […]
Calculating Tetraploid Genotype Frequencies in Solanum nigrum Using Hardy-Weinberg Principles
Fruit colour of wild Solanum nigrum is controlled by two alleles of a gene (A and a). The frequency of A, p=O.8 and a, q=O.2. In a neighbouring field a […]
How to Calculate the Carrier Frequency of Colour Blindness in Women Using Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
Colour blindness affects approximately 1 in 12 men (8%). In a population that is in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) where 8% of men are colour-blind due to a sex-linked recessive gene. […]
How to Calculate ABO Blood Group Allele Frequencies from Population Data
Sampling of 200 persons for their ABO blood group was done from an urban area. The types of blood group observed in the given population are as follows: A = […]
How to Calculate Genotype Frequencies for Three Alleles Using Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
If a given gene in a randomly mating population has three alleles a, b and c in the ratio of 0.5, 0.2 and 0.3 respectively, what is the expected frequency […]
How to Calculate Carrier Frequency for an Autosomal Recessive Condition: A Hardy-Weinberg Approach
An autosomal recessive condition affects 1 newborn in 10,000 in a random mating population without any disruptive acting force. What is the approximate expected frequency of carriers in this population? […]
How to Calculate the Frequency of the r Allele in a Plant Population with Incomplete Dominance
In a population of 2000 individuals of a plant species, genetic difference at a single locus leads to different flower colours. The alleles are incompletely dominant. The population has 100 […]
How to Calculate the Frequency of the ‘b’ Allele from Genotype Data in a Population
In a sample from a population there were 65 individuals with BB genotype, 30 individuals with Bb genotype and 15 individuals with bb genotype. The frequency of the ‘b’ allele […]
How to Calculate Allele Frequencies from Homozygote Frequency in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
The frequency of homozygotes in a diploid population is 0.68. Assuming that the population is in Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium, the frequencies of the two alleles are (1) 0.1 and 0.9 […]


