Following statements are made about some of the abnormally expressing proteins in human cancers: (1) Increased telomerase expression always contributes to increased cell death in cancer cells. (2) Overproduction of […]
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Cancer
Key Molecular Alterations in Cancer: The Role of MYC, Viral Oncoproteins, and HER2
Which one of the following statements about cancers is INCORRECT? (1) The c-myc gene is translocated to one of the immunoglobulin loci in a majority of Burkitt’s lymphomas. (2) Viral […]
Cancer
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Vaccine: Virus-Like Particle-Based Immunization for Cancer Prevention
What is the nature of the successful anti-cancer Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) vaccine? (1) Chemically inactivated virus (2) Live attenuated mutant form of HPV (3) L1 major capsid proteins self […]
Cancer
Role of HPV E6 and E7 Oncoproteins in Cervical Cancer: Inactivation of p53 and Rb
Cervical cancer-causing Papilloma virus produces two oncoproteins E6 and E7 which are responsible for interfering with cell cycle regulation by (1) inactivating Rb and p53, respectively (2) modulating p53 and […]
Cancer
Classification of Chemotherapy Drugs by Mechanism and Chemical Nature
44. Present-day cancer treatment uses many approaches. Beyond surgery and radiation treatment, which are most often employed in cases of larger, more discrete tumors, drug therapies can be used to […]
Cancer
Classification of Oncogenic Viruses by Genome Type and Associated Cancers
43. Oncogenic viruses could have either DNA or RNA genomes. Listed below are some oncogenic viruses (Column A), their genome types (Column B) and the cancers caused by these viruses […]
Cancer
Differences Between Slow-Acting and Transducing Retroviruses in Cancer Development
In what respect does the genome of slow-acting retroviruses differ from those of transducing viruses? (1) They cannot activate nearby cellular proto- oncogenes after integration into the genome of the […]
Cancer
VEGF-A, TWIST, and Cyclin D1 as Markers of Highly Metastatic Cancer Cells
41. Two important features which aid the development of a tumor and its metastasis are epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and angiogenesis. A student tested four cell lines to determine their invasiveness and […]
Cancer
Differential Effects of Wnt Pathway-Targeting Drugs on Prostate Cancer Cell Growth and Death
40. Prostate cancer cells were treated with Drug A and Drug B in order to check the efficacy of the drugs in arresting the growth of cells. The following results […]
Cancer
Targeting Viral Oncogene-Induced Proliferation with Tumor Suppressors and Protein Inhibitors
39. Virus infects a particular cell type, integrates its genome into a site that contains a proto-oncogene, transforms the cell and increases the level of a protein ‘X’, which increases […]
