In which ecosystem is the autotroph-fixed energy likely to reach the primary carnivore level in the shortest time? (1) Grassland (2) Temperate deciduous forest (3) Ocean (4) Tropical rain forest […]
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Which Ecosystem Relies Most on the Detrital Pathway for Energy Flow
In which ecosystem is the detrital pathway of energy flow most important? (1) Lakes (2) Grasslands (3) Tropical rain forests (4) Oceans Introduction Energy flow in ecosystems occurs through […]
Does Connectance Increase or Decrease with Species Richness in Food Webs
Below is a table showing the number of species and actual food web links observed in three different ecosystems. By calculating connectance as a measure of relative complexity of food […]
Understanding Food Web Complexity: How to Quantify and Identify Incorrect Representations
38. The complexity of a food web in a community is quantified using certain parameters which are defined below. Which of the following is an INCORRECT representation? Introduction Food […]
Which Ecosystem Transfers Radioactive Carbon to Primary Carnivores the Fastest?
In a field experiment, autotrophs are provided a 14C- labelled carbon compound for photosynthesis. Radioactivity (14C) levels were then monitored at regular intervals in all the trophic levels. In which […]
Which Ecosystem Has the Maximum Energy Flow Between Trophic Levels?
The ecosystem having maximum energy from one trophic level to another is (1) Tropical rain forest (2) Ocean (3) Desert (4) Temperate Deciduous forest Introduction Energy flow is a […]
Which Ecosystem Has the Longest Energy Transfer Time? – Comparing Rainforests, Oceans, Deserts, and Temperate Forests
35. The ecosystem having longest energy transfer time is (1) Tropical rain forest (2) Ocean (3) Desert (4) Temperate Deciduous forest Introduction Energy flow is the foundation of all […]
How is Primary Productivity Measured in Ponds? The Most Common Method Explained
The most commonly used method of estimating primary productivity of a pond involves measurement of the amount (1) CO2 utilized (2) autotroph biomass. (3) oxygen released. (4) organic carbon […]
How to Calculate Gross Primary Productivity Using the Light-and-Dark Bottle Method: A Step-by-Step Guide
Aquatic primary production was measured using Light-and-Dark Bottle technique. If the initial oxygen concentration was l and the final oxygen concentration in the light bottle is L and that in […]
How to Measure Primary Production in Aquatic Ecosystems: The Light-and-Dark-Bottle Method
Primary production in aquatic ecosystem is measured using Light-and-Dark-Bottle technique. In this method, as an indirect measure of photosynthetic production, dissolved oxygen concentration of the pond water enclosed in a […]


