Dorsal mutant in Drosophila will result in (1) Dorsalization of ventral side (2) Ventralization of dorsal side (3) There would be no effect (4) Anterior-posterior pattern formation will be effected […]
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Understanding Involution: A Key Morphogenetic Movement During Gastrulation
Inward movement of an expanding outer layer spreading over the internal surface during gastrulation is termed as (1) invagination (2) Ingression (3) involution (4) delamination Introduction Gastrulation is a major […]
The Role of Ultrabithorax Gene in Drosophila Segment Identity and Phenotypic Outcomes
Homeotic selector genes are responsible for the specification of Drosophila body parts. Which one of the following identities would you expect if the ultrabithorax gene is deleted? (1) The third […]
Ultrabithorax Gene Deletion Phenotype in Drosophila: Four Wings Instead of Two
Which of the following phenotypes is obtained upon deletion of the ultrabithorax gene in Drosophila? (1) Fly with four wings (2) Fly with six wings (3) Fly with no wings […]
Understanding the Embryonic Origin of Vertebrate Bones: The Role of the Mesoderm
Bones of vertebrates embryonic are derived from (1) ectoderm (2) epiderm (3) mesoderm (4) endoderm The bones of vertebrates during embryonic development are primarily derived from the mesoderm layer. The mesoderm, one […]
Why Local hCG Production by the Blastocyst Is Essential for Human Embryo Implantation
14. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is known to facilitate attachment of blastocyst to uterus. In women with mutation in hCG gene, biologically inactive hCG was formed but implantation occurred. When […]
The Essential Role of Actin Filaments and Cofilin1 in Embryonic Compaction and Blastula Formation
Compaction during early embryonic development involves activation of actin filaments. Which one of the following inhibitors would prevent formation of the blastula from the morula? (1) An inhibitor that would […]
The Hippo Signaling Pathway and Its Role in Cancer Progression
The HIPPO signaling pathway is important for cell proliferation. It is regulated by the protein kinases MST1/2 and LATS1/2 and the transcriptional activators YAP and TAZ. Accordingly, the following events […]
Morphogen Gradients and Neural Induction in Zebrafish and Comparison to Other Vertebrates
The figure above represents a late zebrafish gastrula. The following concepts may be proposed during further development of the embryo. A. The concentration of FGF decreases from the yolk towards […]
Role of the Hippo Signaling Pathway in Mammalian Inner Cell Mass Formation
Hippo pathway is responsible for the trophoblast and inner cell mass (ICM) differentiation during mammalian development. Which one of the following is true for ICM formation? (1) The Tead4 transcription […]


