During vertebrate limb development, a specialized ectodermal structure, called Apical Ectodermal Ridge (AER), forms at the dorso-ventral ectodermal boundary at the distal tip of the developing limb bud. The following […]
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Chick Embryo Limb Development: Effects of Transplanting Leg Mesenchyme Beneath Wing Apical Ectodermal Ridge
What would happen as a result of a transplantation experiment in a chick embryo where the leg mesenchyme is placed directly beneath the wing apical ectodermal ridge (AER)? (1) Distal […]
Essential and Non-Essential Factors for Apical Ectodermal Ridge Formation in Tetrapod Limb Development
Apical ectodermal ridge induction is essential tetrapod limb development. Which of the following is NOT essential for the formation of a functional limb? (1) Tbx genes and Wnt (2) Androsterone […]
Impact of Dominant Negative FGF Receptor Overexpression on Amphibian Development: Consequences for Trunk and Tail Formation
Over-expression of a dominant negative FGF receptor during amphibian development would prevent formation of (1) trunk and tail (2) head and trunks. (3) trunk and fore limbs. (4) head and […]
Key Genetic Factors in Mouse Limb Development: Functional Roles of Tbx5, Tbx4, Islet1, and Pitx1
In mice, the gene encoding Tbx5 is transcribed in limb fields of the forelimbs, while the genes encoding lslet1, Tbx4 and Pitx1 are expressed in presumptive hind limbs. Following statements […]
The Roles of Tbx4, Tbx5, Islet1, and Pitx1 in Mouse Limb Development: Distinguishing Forelimb and Hindlimb Gene Expression
Which one of the following statements regarding limb development in mice is true? (1) The gene encoding Tbx5 is transcribed in the limb fields of the hindlimbs. (2) The gene […]
Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) as the Key Determinant of Anterior-Posterior Limb Axis Patterning and Dorsal-Ventral Nerve Plate Formation
Anterior-posterior limb axis and dorsal ventral nerve plate is determined by (1) Bicoid (2) Sonic hedgehog (3) Pax3 (4) Cactus The patterning of the anterior-posterior (thumb-to-little finger) axis of the […]
Tetrapod Limb Bud Specification: The Integrated Role of Hox Genes and Retinoic Acid
The limb bud of a tetrapod is specified by (1) Hox genes only (2) retinoic acid only (3) both Hox genes and retinoic acid (4) fibroblast growth factor The formation […]
Mechanisms of Lens Regeneration in Amphibians: Dedifferentiation and Transdifferentiation of Iris Cells
In Amphibians, when due to some injury, the eye lens is damaged, the fully differentiated iris cells can regenerate the lens. It is achieved through the possible processes: A. Iris […]
FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC): The Key Repressor Gene Responsible for Vernalization Requirement in Arabidopsis
69. The flowering repressor gene that is responsible for the vernalization requirement in Arabidopsis is: (1) CONSTANS (CO) (2) FLOWERING LOCUS D (FD) (3) FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) (4) FLOWERING […]


