Resting membrane potential in neurons and other excitable cells results from a combination of selective permeability, passive ion diffusion, and unequal ion distributions across the membrane. The correct answer is B, C, and D only.

Option Analysis

• A. Active transport: Incorrect as a primary conductor. Active transport via the Na+/K+ ATPase pump maintains ion gradients long-term, but the potential itself is generated passively, not directly “conducted” by active processes.

• B. Selective permeability of phospholipid bilayer: True. The membrane is selectively more permeable to K+ through leak channels, allowing K+ efflux that hyperpolarizes the interior to ~ -70 mV.

• C. Passive diffusion across lipid bilayer: True. Ions like K+ move passively down electrochemical gradients through channels embedded in the bilayer, establishing the diffusion potential.

• D. Differential distribution of ions across membrane: True. High intracellular K+ and low Na+ (vs. extracellular) create the driving force; quantified by the Goldman equation.

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Introduction to Resting Membrane Potential

Resting membrane potential conducted by key membrane properties maintains cellular excitability in neurons. This negative intracellular charge (~ -70 mV) relies on ion balances and bilayer characteristics, crucial for action potentials.

Selective Permeability Role

The phospholipid bilayer’s selective permeability allows K+ efflux via leak channels while restricting Na+, dominating the potential near K+ equilibrium (~ -90 mV).

Passive Diffusion Process

Passive diffusion across lipid bilayer through channels drives ions down gradients: K+ out (negative contribution), minor Na+ in. This steady-state diffusion sustains the potential without energy input.

Ion Distribution Dynamics

Differential distribution of ions—high K+ inside, high Na+ outside—powers the gradients. Active pumps maintain them indirectly, but passive factors conduct the potential.

Exam Tips for Life Sciences

For queries like “Resting membrane potential is conducted by,” select B, C, D; A is supportive only. Ideal for GATE/NEET prep on cellular physiology.​

Chromoproteins Question (Q.65) – Bonus Solution

Chromoproteins are conjugated proteins with colored prosthetic groups (e.g., heme, flavins). Correct answer: A and C only.

• A. Fibroin: Not a chromoprotein; silk protein, no pigment.​

• B. Haemoglobin: Chromoprotein (heme group).​

• C. Keratin: Not a chromoprotein; fibrous structural protein.​

• D. Cytochromes: Chromoprotein (heme).​

• E. Flavoproteins: Chromoprotein (flavin pigments).​