Gas Chromatography Separation Principle

Q67.Separation of components in gas chromatography is based on (1) Molecular weight (2) Partition coefficient (3) Molarity (4) Conductivity

Q67.Separation of components in gas chromatography is based on

(1) Molecular weight
(2) Partition coefficient
(3) Molarity
(4) Conductivity

Gas Chromatography Separation: Partition Coefficient MCQ Guide

Gas chromatography (GC) separates volatile compounds based on their partitioning between mobile and stationary phases. This MCQ targets analytical chemistry concepts for exams like IIT JAM or GATE.

Correct Answer

The correct option is (2) Partition coefficient.

Separation relies on the distribution constant (Kc), or partition coefficient, which governs how analytes distribute between the gaseous mobile phase (carrier gas) and liquid stationary phase. Compounds with higher affinity for the stationary phase elute later, producing distinct retention times.

Option Breakdown

Option Role in GC Why Not Primary Basis?
(1) Molecular weight Influences volatility indirectly via boiling point, but not direct separation mechanism. ​ GC prioritizes phase partitioning over size; used more in gel permeation chromatography. ​
(2) Partition coefficient Defines equilibrium [A]s/[A]m between stationary (s) and mobile (m) phases, controlling retention. ​ Core principle enabling volatility- and polarity-based separation.
(3) Molarity Measures solution concentration, irrelevant to vaporized GC samples. ​ GC analyzes gases, not molarity-dependent solutions.
(4) Conductivity Property measured in ion chromatography detectors, not separation driver. Applies to ionic mobility, not GC’s volatility partitioning. ​

GC Separation Mechanism

Vaporized samples travel via inert gas (He, N2) through a column; differential stationary phase interactions cause separation by retention time. Polarity matching between analyte and phase optimizes resolution, with temperature gradients enhancing complex mixtures.

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