Q.11 The specimen collected from the same locality from where the holotype was
collected is called as
1. Isotype
2. Topotype
3. Syntype
4. Paratype
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In taxonomy and systematics, precise terminology distinguishes specimens used to describe new species. Question 11 from a recent exam asks: “The specimen collected from the same locality from where the holotype was collected is called as” with options: (1) Isotype, (2) Topotype, (3) Syntype, (4) Paratype.
Correct Answer
2. Topotype
A topotype is any specimen collected from the exact same geographical locality (type locality) as the holotype, even if designated later. It helps verify species characteristics post-description. For example, if the holotype of a plant species comes from a hill in Kota, Rajasthan, another plant from that same hill is a topotype.
Explanation of All Options
Understanding these terms is crucial for molecular biology, botany, and zoology exams. Here’s a breakdown:
-
Isotype: A duplicate of the holotype preserved in another institution. It matches the holotype exactly but isn’t from the type locality necessarily. Example: Holotype in Delhi herbarium; isotype in Kolkata.
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Topotype: Specimen from the same type locality as the holotype. Key for re-collecting material to study variation or confirm identity. Not a formal paratype—it’s post-designation.
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Syntype: One of multiple original specimens used when no single holotype was designated. Used in older descriptions without a clear “name-bearer.”
-
Paratype: Additional original specimens (besides holotype) examined by the describing author, often from nearby areas. Not restricted to the exact type locality.
| Term | Key Feature | Same Locality? |
|---|---|---|
| Isotype | Duplicate of holotype | Not required |
| Topotype | From type locality (post-holotype) | Yes |
| Syntype | Original specimen (no holotype) | Varies |
| Paratype | Additional original specimen | Not required |
This distinction follows ICN (International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants) and ICZN rules. Topotypes are vital in phylogenetics and biodiversity studies for genetic sampling from type sites.
Mastering these boosts your score in exams—practice with real herbarium examples from Rajasthan’s flora!
