Q.89 A species adapted to a specific habitat is called
(A) Biome (B) Ecotone
(C) Ecotype (D) Niche
The correct answer is (C) Ecotype. A species adapted to a specific habitat refers to distinct populations within the same species that show genetic and phenotypic adaptations to local environmental conditions.
Option Analysis
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(A) Biome: Represents a large-scale ecological community defined by climate, vegetation, and geography, like tundra or desert, not a species-level adaptation.
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(B) Ecotone: Describes a transitional zone between two biomes with heightened species diversity, not a species adapted to one habitat.
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(C) Ecotype: A genetically distinct population or race within a species, phenotypically adapted to specific local conditions like soil, climate, or elevation, while still interbreeding with others.
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(D) Niche: Refers to an organism’s functional role, resources used, and interactions in its community, not the population itself.
Introduction: Species Adapted to Specific Habitat
In ecology, a species adapted to a specific habitat refers to an ecotype, a genetically distinct population within the same species tailored to local conditions like climate or soil. This concept is crucial for CSIR NET Life Sciences aspirants studying evolutionary biology and adaptation. Understanding ecotype vs. biome, ecotone, and niche helps master habitat-specific questions.
What is an Ecotype?
An ecotype arises through natural selection, where populations develop heritable traits for survival in unique habitats. For instance, California poppy ecotypes show deep roots in moist areas and shallow roots in arid zones. These adaptations persist even in common gardens, proving genetic basis over plasticity.
Key Differences Table
| Term | Definition | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Ecotype | Genetically adapted population to specific habitat within a species | Tundra vs. woodland reindeer |
| Biome | Large habitat community by climate/vegetation | Tropical rainforest |
| Ecotone | Transition zone between biomes with edge effects | Forest-grassland border |
| Niche | Organism’s role and resource use in ecosystem | Predator-prey dynamics |
CSIR NET Relevance
Ecotypes illustrate microevolution, relevant for questions on genetic variation and speciation. Classic studies like Clausen et al. on yarrow ecotypes across elevations confirm genetic divergence. Practice distinguishing these terms for ecology units.
Examples in Nature
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Yarrow (Achillea) ecotypes vary in height and flowering by elevation.
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Reindeer: Tundra migrants vs. woodland stationary forms.
