Q.28 Application of genetic fingerprinting is not directly linked with :

1. Identification of suspects
2. Species conservation
3. Determining paternity
4. Property disputes

   Property Disputes is the correct answer, as genetic fingerprinting (DNA fingerprinting) is not directly linked to resolving property disputes, unlike the other options which are standard applications.

   Option Analysis

   Identification of Suspects

   Genetic fingerprinting compares DNA from crime scenes to suspects, providing strong forensic evidence for convictions or exonerations.
   This remains a primary use in criminal investigations worldwide.

   Species Conservation

   It assesses genetic diversity in endangered populations, aids breeding programs, and identifies poached wildlife through DNA matching.
   Conservationists use it to track migrations and prevent inbreeding.

   Determining Paternity

   DNA profiling confirms biological parentage in family law cases with over 99.99% accuracy by analyzing specific markers.
   Courts often order it for child support or inheritance claims tied to lineage.

   Property Disputes

   While occasionally used indirectly in inheritance cases via paternity proof or plant variety IP (e.g., seed ownership), it does not directly resolve general property conflicts like land boundaries or titles, which rely on deeds and surveys.
   No standard direct application exists, unlike forensics or conservation.

   Genetic fingerprinting, also known as DNA fingerprinting, revolutionizes identification through unique DNA profiles. While pivotal in forensics, paternity testing, and species conservation, its application of genetic fingerprinting is not directly linked with property disputes – a key insight for biology exams like GATE Life Sciences.

   Core Applications of Genetic Fingerprinting

   • Forensic Identification: Matches crime scene DNA to suspects with high precision.

   • Paternity Determination: Establishes biological relationships accurately.

   • Species Conservation: Analyzes diversity for breeding and anti-poaching efforts.

   Property disputes, however, typically involve legal documents, not DNA, distinguishing it as the unrelated option.

   Why Not Property Disputes?

   Direct uses focus on identity or genetics; property cases (e.g., land claims) use surveys or titles. Indirect links like inheritance via paternity exist but are not standard.
   This clarifies exam traps for molecular biology students.