67. Some of the steps in the process of eukaryotic DNA replication mentioned below require hydrolysis of ATP. (A) Phosphodiester bond formation (B) DNA strand separation by helicase (C) Clamp-loader association with clamp and DNA (D) Joining of Okazaki fragments Choose the following option that correctly identifies all the steps utilizing ATP hydrolysis (1) A, B and D only (2) B, C and D only (3) B and C only (4) B and D only.
  1. Some of the steps in the process of eukaryotic DNA replication mentioned below require hydrolysis of ATP.
    (A) Phosphodiester bond formation
    (B) DNA strand separation by helicase
    (C) Clamp-loader association with clamp and DNA
    (D) Joining of Okazaki fragments

Choose the following option that correctly identifies all the steps utilizing ATP hydrolysis

(1) A, B and D only    (2) B, C and D only

(3) B and C only        (4) B and D only.

 


Understanding ATP Usage in DNA Replication

DNA replication is an energy-intensive process. ATP hydrolysis provides the energy necessary for several molecular machines to perform their functions, including unwinding DNA, loading sliding clamps, and sealing DNA fragments.


Analysis of Each Step Regarding ATP Hydrolysis

(A) Phosphodiester bond formation

  • This refers to the formation of the DNA backbone by DNA polymerases during strand elongation.

  • DNA polymerases do not directly hydrolyze ATP for phosphodiester bond formation; instead, they use the energy from the incoming deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs).

  • ATP hydrolysis is not required here.

(B) DNA strand separation by helicase

  • DNA helicases are ATP-dependent enzymes that unwind the double helix by hydrolyzing ATP to break hydrogen bonds between DNA strands.

  • ATP hydrolysis is essential for helicase function.

(C) Clamp-loader association with clamp and DNA

  • Clamp loaders are ATPase complexes that use ATP hydrolysis to open sliding clamps and load them onto primer-template DNA junctions.

  • ATP hydrolysis drives clamp loading and clamp-loader release.

(D) Joining of Okazaki fragments

  • DNA ligase seals nicks between Okazaki fragments by forming phosphodiester bonds.

  • This ligation reaction requires ATP hydrolysis to activate the enzyme and catalyze bond formation.

  • ATP hydrolysis is essential for ligation.


Summary Table

Step ATP Hydrolysis Required? Explanation
(A) Phosphodiester bond formation No Energy comes from dNTP hydrolysis, not ATP
(B) DNA strand separation by helicase Yes Helicase uses ATP hydrolysis to unwind DNA
(C) Clamp-loader association with clamp and DNA Yes Clamp-loader uses ATP to load sliding clamps
(D) Joining of Okazaki fragments Yes DNA ligase requires ATP for nick sealing

Correct Option

(2) B, C and D only


Keywords

ATP hydrolysis, DNA replication, helicase, clamp-loader, DNA ligase, Okazaki fragments, phosphodiester bond formation, sliding clamp, DNA strand separation, eukaryotic DNA replication


Conclusion

In eukaryotic DNA replication, ATP hydrolysis is crucial for DNA strand separation by helicase, loading of sliding clamps by clamp-loaders, and ligation of Okazaki fragments by DNA ligase. However, phosphodiester bond formation by DNA polymerases does not directly consume ATP, relying instead on the energy from nucleotide triphosphates. Therefore, the steps utilizing ATP hydrolysis are DNA strand separation, clamp loading, and Okazaki fragment joining.


Final answer:
(2) B, C and D only

 

42 Comments
  • Priti khandal
    July 27, 2025

    Done sir

    • Monika jangid
      July 29, 2025

      Yes B,C,and D are correct option helicase unwind dna , clamp loader use Atp and load sliding clamp , ligase seal nick

  • Priya khandal
    July 27, 2025

    Done sir

  • Khushi agarwal
    July 29, 2025

    Joining of okazaki fragments, association of Dna with clamp, saparation of helicase

  • Shivani .
    July 29, 2025

    Helicase needs ATP to unwind DNA.
    Clamp loader opens using ATP and load sliding clamp .
    Ligase needs ATP to seal nicks
    So statement B,C,D are correct

  • Asha gurzzar
    July 29, 2025

    Option b,c,,d will be correct because ligase needed to seal nick,by using atp beta clamp will opens and slide on dna by attaching dna polymerase,and atp used by helicase activity too

  • Neelam Sharma
    July 29, 2025

    Done sir

  • Akshita
    July 29, 2025

    DNA strand separation by helicase
    Clamp loder association with beta clamp and dna
    Joining of okazaki fragments
    B c d answer is correct sir

  • Divya
    July 29, 2025

    Answer bcd is correct

  • Divyanshi Vaishnav
    July 29, 2025

    Yes in eukaryotic DNA replication, separation of helicase from DNA strand for ATP hydrolysis, clamp loader’s association with clamp and DNA and joining of okazaki fragment are required so option b,c and d is correct.

  • Surbhi Rajawat
    July 29, 2025

    Helicase working, joining of okazaki fragments and clamp loader all requires direct ATP hydrolysis whereas PDB formation does not directly hydrolyses ATP

  • Khushi Vaishnav
    July 29, 2025

    Option bcd are correct because Helicase used to unwind DNA , Clamp loader needed to load sliding clamp, Ligase needed to seal nick for joining okazaki fragments

  • Sonam
    July 29, 2025

    Sir Right answer is B,C,d
    A opetion isliye nhi hoga sir qki p.D ka formation (dNtps) ke hydrolysis ki entry se found hota h na ki direct Atp hydrolysis se

  • Sonam Saini
    July 29, 2025

    Sry sir entry nhi engry typing mistake

  • Aman Choudhary
    July 29, 2025

    Atp ke hydrolysis ki need nahi h yahan dekhte he ho gaya tha

  • Aman Choudhary
    July 29, 2025

    Yahan Atp hydrolysis ki need he nahi h class me acche se bataya tha sir
    B,c & d

  • Ankita Pareek
    July 29, 2025

    Steps in replication required atp hydrolysis….. correct option is b,c and d

  • Anisha jakhar
    July 29, 2025

    Options B, C and D

  • Mitali Saini
    July 30, 2025

    Answer is B, C and D only

  • Juber Khan
    July 30, 2025

    Option first wrong bcs dna poly. Don’t directly hydrolysis atp for pdb formation, use energy from dntps other then all options are right helicase= unwind dna (atp hydrolysis)
    Dna ligase requires atp for sealing nick

  • Dipti Sharma
    July 30, 2025

    Correct answer : B,C,D ONLY
    because phosphodiester bond formation doesn’t require ATP HYDROLYSIS instead dntps.

  • Dharmpal Swami
    July 30, 2025

    B,C,D are write
    Because atp are use -dna strand seperation, loading of clamp and joining of oka-zaki fragments

  • anurag giri
    July 30, 2025

    Ans 2 bcd correct because posphodiester bond formation by dna polymerase DNA polymerases do not directly hydrolyze atp

  • Mansukh Kapoor
    July 30, 2025

    The correct answer is option 2nd ( B C D)
    Helicase use atp to unwind ds
    Clamp uses the atp to load
    Ligase use atp to seal the nicks

  • Swati Choudhary
    July 30, 2025

    StatementB,C and D are correct.

  • Soniya Shekhawat
    July 30, 2025

    In working of DNA unwinding, clamp loader, and DNA ligation is directly required ATP hydrolysis where as a PDBs does not directly use ATP hydrolysis instead using the dNTPS

  • Kajal
    July 30, 2025

    Option 2 is right
    ATP required in unwinding of Dna strand by helicase and beta clamp loader to load beta clamp on dna and Dna ligase need ATp to seal nick

  • Santosh Saini
    July 30, 2025

    Statement B, C, D are correct because helicase unwinds the DNA strand using ATP, loading of sliding clamp by clamp loader used ATP and ligase join the okazaki fragments due to ATP hydrolysis activity

  • Manisha gujar
    July 30, 2025

    Helicase need atp of unwinding dna also clamp using atp for attachment with dna and atp is essential for seal the Okazaki fragment

  • Ajay Sharma
    July 30, 2025

    for clamp loading and ligation of nick and for unwinding ofcource

  • Payal Gaur
    July 30, 2025

    Hydrolysis of ATP in melting of DNA by helicase, clamp loader associate with DNA and joining of okazaki fragments.

  • Niti Tanwar
    July 30, 2025

    Answer is b,c,d

  • Manisha choudhary
    July 30, 2025

    Phosphodiester bond formation k liye DNA polymerase direct ATP hydrolysis nhi krte h incoming dntp deoxyribonucleotide tri phosphate s energy lete h jisme pyrophosphate relase hota h

    Helicase DNA k unwinding k liye ATP hydrolysis krta h

    Beta clamp k loading and loader k relase k liye ATP hydrolysis hota h

    Okazaki fragments k ligation k liye bhi bhi ligase enzyme ATP hydrolysis krwata h jisme pahle ligase-amp complex then DNA – aap complex form hota h

  • Vanshika Sharma
    July 31, 2025

    Ans is BCD bcz ATP hydrolysis is crucial for dna strand synthesis by helicase ,loading clam on dna and ligation of okazaki fragments by dna ligase

  • Komal Sharma
    July 31, 2025

    The steps utilizing ATP hydrolysis are DNA strand separation, clamp loading, and Okazaki fragment joining. So b,c,d option are correct

  • Alec Joseph
    July 31, 2025

    correct ans is 2- B,C and D as Atp hydrolysis is not required in phosphodiester bond formation.

    • Anjani sharma
      August 5, 2025

      Answer 2 is correct because ATP hydrolysis is not required in formation of phosphodiester bond, it hydrolysis in helicase unwinding ,clamp loading and joining of okazaki fragments

  • Mohini
    August 3, 2025

    The correct answer is option 2.

  • Varsha Tatla
    August 3, 2025

    In replication processer,Atp hydrolysis are required for unwinding of ds to helicase enz , loading and opening of beta clamp, ligation of okazzaki fragment by ligase

  • Deepika sheoran
    August 4, 2025

    Option 2 is correct answer
    Because Helicase ATP to unwind Dna strand clamp uses the ATP to load ligase use ATP to seal the nicks.

  • Aafreen Khan
    August 23, 2025

    B,C,D are correct answer
    Bcoz Helicase uses ATP hydrolysis to unwind DNA and Clamp-loader uses ATP to load sliding clamps and DNA ligase requires ATP for nick sealing

  • Deepika Sheoran
    November 7, 2025

    Option B, C, D is correct

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