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Fragmentation breaks up contiguous tracts of natural habitats into smaller patches. In a fragmented landscape where a previously large forest has become a mosaic of patches of different sizes, the following statements can be made about the fragment size and its species diversity. A. Smaller fragments will always have lower species richness than larger fragments. B. Species richness will depend on fragment size. C. Species richness will depend on physical connectivity between fragments. D. Species richness cannot be compared between large and small fragments. Select the option where both the statements are correct (1) A and B (2) B and C (3) A and C (4) B and D

How Fragment Size and Connectivity Influence Species Richness in Fragmented Landscapes

Fragmentation breaks up contiguous tracts of natural habitats into smaller patches. In a fragmented landscape where a previously large forest has become a mosaic of patches of different sizes, the following statements can be made about the fragment size and its species diversity. A. Smaller fragments will always have lower species richness than larger fragments B. Species richness will depend on fragment size. C. Species richness will depend on physical connectivity between fragments D. Species richness cannot be compared between large and small fragments Select the option where both the statements are correct (1) A and B (2) B and C (3) A and C (4) B and D

How Fragment Size and Connectivity Influence Species Diversity in Fragmented Landscapes

Two islands (A and B) located approximately 180 km and 100 km respectively from the mainland. Island A is 160 sq. km, while Island B is 220 sq. km in area. Which one of the following statements is correct? (1) Island A is likely to have higher extinction and lower colonization rates than Island B. (2) Island B is likely to have higher extinction and lower colonization rates than Island A. (3) Island A is likely to have lower extinction rates and higher colonization rates than Island B. (4) Islands A and B are likely to have equal rates of extinction and colonization

Island Size and Distance: Predicting Extinction and Colonization Rates in Island Biogeography

Select the correct statement from the options given below to complete the following. In the 1960s, experiments were conducted to test the theory of island biogeography. The main findings of these studies indicate that over a long period of time__________ (1) the rate of extinction and colonization are not equal to each other. (2) the colonization rates gradually exceed extinction rates (3) the overall rate of colonization will be balanced by the rate of extinction (4) rate of colonization will continue to increase while extinction rates will decline

Dynamic Equilibrium in Island Biogeography: The Balance of Colonization and Extinction

23. The equilibrium model of island biogeography proposed by MacArthur and Wilson assumes that the number of species on an island represents a balance between (1) resource consumption rate and predation rate. (2) birth rate and death rate. (3) colonization rate and extinction rate. (4) speciation rate and hybridization rate

The Balance of Colonization and Extinction: The Core of MacArthur and Wilson’s Equilibrium Model of Island Biogeography

22. Which of the following is NOT a prediction arising out of Wilson-MacArthur's -Theory of Island Biogeography? (1) The number of species on an island should increase with its size/area. (2) The number of species should decrease with increasing distance of the island from the source pool. (3) The turnover of species should be common and frequent. (4) Species richness on an island should be related to its average distance to the neighbouring islands.

Which Prediction Is NOT Part of Wilson-MacArthur’s Theory of Island Biogeography?

21. According to MacArthur and Wilson’s equilibrium theory, which of the following is true? (1) Larger islands and islands closer to continent are expected to have more species than smaller and isolated islands. (2) Smaller islands and islands far from the continent are expected to have more species than larger and isolated islands. (3) Smaller islands and islands closer to the continent are expected to have more species than far away smaller and isolated islands. (4) More species are expected on all islands irrespective of their size and distance from the continent.

Island Size and Proximity: The Foundations of MacArthur and Wilson’s Equilibrium Theory

20. The above graph illustrates two lines that represent the immigration and extinction rates for an island based on its distance from mainland (solid line) and its size (dotted line). Which of the following is true for this island? (1) It is close to the mainland and is very small. (2) It is far from mainland and is very large. (3) It is close to the mainland and is very large. (4) It is far from the mainland and is very small.

How Island Size and Distance Affect Immigration and Extinction: Insights from Island Biogeography Theory

19. A researcher working on island biogeography mapped how isolation-controlled immigration (l), and area-controlled extinction (E), will act on number of species present on the islands. He forgot to label the size of the islands (small or large) and the location of the islands (near or far) on the graph. Using information from MacArthhur and Wilson's equilibrium theory, select the option that correctly identifies A, B, C and D in the figure above. (1) A-large, B-small, C-near, D-far (2) A-small, B-large, C-far, D-near (3) A-near, B-far, C-small, D-large (4) A-far, B-near, C-large, D-small

Decoding Island Size and Isolation in MacArthur and Wilson’s Island Biogeography Model

18. The theory of island biogeography has synthesized into theory the following concepts, except: (1) Competition (2) Immigration (3) Equilibrium (4) Speciation

Which Concept Is Not Central to the Theory of Island Biogeography?

17. Following figure shows McArthur and Wilson's equilibrium model of biota on a single island In this figure, terms A, B, C and D in order are (1) extinction. immigration, equilibrium number of species, size of species pool. (2) immigration. extinction, equilibrium number of species, size of species pool. (3) extinction. immigration, size of species pool, equilibrium number of species. (4) immigration, extinction, size of species pool, equilibrium number of species.

Understanding MacArthur and Wilson’s Equilibrium Model: Decoding the Island Biogeography Graph

16. Invasive species, in general grow very well in a new area that they invade, and often outcompete native species. An explanation for the better growth and propagation of invasive species in comparison to their native counterparts is provided by which one of the following hypotheses? (1) Ecological niche hypothesis (2) Intermediate disturbance hypothesis (3) Enemy release hypothesis (4) Biotic resistance hypothesis

The Enemy Release Hypothesis: Why Invasive Species Thrive in New Environments

Which one of the following survivorship curves is typical of invasive insect pest species? (1) Invasive insect pest species do not follow specific survivorship curves (2) Type II (3) Type III (4) Type I

Survivorship Curves of Invasive Insect Pest Species: Understanding Type III Patterns

14. Which of the following is typically true of invasive species? (1) They are r-selected (2) They are K-selected (3) They are habitat specialists (4) They are always introduced by humans.

Are Invasive Species r-Selected? Understanding the Life Strategies Behind Biological Invasions

13. Which one of the following is NOT correct? (1) Island ecosystems are less prone to biological invasion because of their distance from mainland (2) Invasive species have greater phenotypic plasticity compared to native species (3) Invasive species have high dispersal ability (4) At a large scale, diversity rich ecosystems are generally more prone to invasion

Why Island Ecosystems Are Highly Prone to Biological Invasion: Debunking Common Myths

11. The graphs (A-C) below depict the seasonal variation in plankton biomass in three oceanic regions of Northern hemisphere (i to iii): Oceanic regions of the world: i. Tropical oceans ii. Polar oceans iii. Temperate oceans Match the graphs (A to C) to the correct oceanic region (i to iii). (1) A-i, B-ii, C-iii (2) A-ii, B-i, C-iii (3) A-i, B-iii, C-ii (4) A-iii, B-ii, C-i

Seasonal Variation in Plankton Biomass: Matching Oceanic Regions to Climatograms

10. Given below are the spectra of plant forms (on the basis of where the plants bear their buds) in different biomes (A to C) Which one of the following options correctly identifies the biomes represented in graphs A to C? (1) A- Mediterranean; B- Arctic; C- Tropical (2) A- Tropical; B- Desert; C- Temperate (3) A- Tropical; B- Temperate; C- Desert (4) A- Desert; B- Arctic; C- Temperate

Identifying Biomes by Plant Bud Spectra: A Guide to Graph Interpretation

9. The following four climatograms depict observation of mean temperature and rainfall for four locations. The solid lines depict temperature while the dashed line depicts rainfall. Given below are five biomes: I. Desert II. Savannah III. Tropical rain forest IV. Mediterranean V. Conifer ecosystem Which of the following combinations correctly matches the climtograms to the biomes? (1) A-iv B-ii C-i D-v (2) A-v B-iv C-ii D-iii (3) A-iii B-ii C-i D-iv (4) A-v B-iii C-ii D-i

Matching Climatograms to Biomes: Understanding Temperature and Rainfall Patterns

8. Average annual precipitation and temperature are two important determinants of world's major biomes. Which of the following combinations are correct? (1) A-iv; B-iii; C-i; D-ii (2) A-iii; B-ii; C-iv; D-i (3) A-ii; B-i; C-iii; D-iv (4) A-i; B-iv; C-ii; D-iii

Biome Classification by Temperature and Precipitation: Understanding the Correct Combinations

Type of biome in California and coastal regions of Mediterranean Sea is (1) Taiga (2) Savanah (3) Chaparrals (4) Tropical deciduous forests

The Chaparral Biome: California and the Mediterranean’s Unique Ecosystem

5. The mean temperature and rainfall in Taiga is- (1) -25 to 10 and 20 to 60 mm (2) -25 to 10 and 150 to 200 mm (3) 5 to 15 and 20 to 60 mm (4) 5 to 15 and 150 to 200 mm

Taiga Climate Explained: Mean Temperature and Rainfall Patterns

4. Areas with annual cool temperature and almost constant rate of precipitation throughout year is (1) Tundra (2) Temperate deciduous (3) Tropics (4) Poles

The Importance of Biodiversity for a Healthy Planet: Why Every Species Matters

3. Soil in which biome is so nutrient-rich that it is often converted into farmland (1) Tropical rain forests (2) Dry deciduous forests (3) Temperate Grasslands (4) Tropical grasslands

Why Temperate Grasslands Have the Most Nutrient-Rich Soil for Farmland

2. Taiga or boreal type of vegetation is found where there is (1) Long hot summers and small winter (2) Long cold winters and small summers (3) Cold winters throughout year (4) No rainfall

Taiga Biome: Climate, Vegetation, and Why Long Cold Winters Define the Boreal Forest

1. In chaparrals rainfall occurs in- (1) Whole year (2) Summer (3) Winters (4) Spring-Autumn

Chaparral Biome: Climate, Plants, Wildlife, and Seasonal Rainfall Patterns

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