92. A specialist species has a
    (1) wider niche and high efficiency of niche utilization
    (2) narrower niche and high efficiency of niche utilization
    (3) wider niche and low efficiency of niche utilization
    (4) narrower niche and low efficiency of niche utilization

Introduction

In ecology, species are often described as either specialists or generalists based on their niche breadth—the range of conditions and resources they can utilize. Specialist species occupy a unique position in this spectrum, thriving in specific environments due to their focused adaptations. But what exactly characterizes a specialist species? Let’s explore the defining features and ecological significance of specialization.

What Is a Specialist Species?

A specialist species is one that has evolved to thrive in a narrow set of environmental conditions or to use a limited range of resources. Unlike generalists, which can adapt to a wide variety of habitats and diets, specialists are fine-tuned for efficiency within their chosen niche.

Niche Breadth: Narrow vs. Wide

• Niche breadth refers to the range of resources or habitats a species can exploit.

• Specialists have a narrow niche—they are adapted to specific conditions or resources, such as a particular type of food, habitat, or microclimate.

• Generalists have a wide niche, allowing them to utilize a broader array of resources and survive in diverse environments.

Efficiency of Niche Utilization

Specialist species are highly efficient at utilizing their specific resources. Their evolutionary adaptations allow them to outcompete other species within their niche, making the most of limited opportunities. This high efficiency is a trade-off for their lack of flexibility outside their specialized conditions.

Evaluating the Options

Let’s review the answer choices:

1. Wider niche and high efficiency of niche utilization

   • Incorrect. A wider niche is typical of generalist species, not specialists.

2. Narrower niche and high efficiency of niche utilization

   • Correct. Specialist species have a narrow niche and are highly efficient at exploiting it.

3. Wider niche and low efficiency of niche utilization

   • Incorrect. This describes generalists, who are less efficient in any one area but can survive in many.

4. Narrower niche and low efficiency of niche utilization

   • Incorrect. Specialists are not only narrow in their niche but also highly efficient within it.

Why Specialization Matters

• Competitive Advantage: Specialists can dominate their niche due to their efficiency.

• Vulnerability: They are at greater risk if their specific resource or condition disappears.

• Ecological Role: Specialists often play key roles in ecosystem stability, pollination, or food webs.

Conclusion

A specialist species has a narrower niche and high efficiency of niche utilization. This strategy allows them to excel in specific environments but makes them vulnerable to changes. Understanding the balance between specialization and generalization is crucial for conservation and ecosystem management.

Correct answer:
(2) Narrower niche and high efficiency of niche utilization