Fertilization in sea urchin eggs involves Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum for cortical granule reactivation. The major molecule responsible for releasing Ca2+ from intracellular stores is (1) zonapellucida glycoproteins (2) protamines (3) inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate (4) N-acetylglucosaminidasev 

Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate (IP3): The Key Molecule Triggering Calcium Release During Sea Urchin Fertilization

During fertilization in mammals proteins lzumo and Juno are required for recognition of sperm and egg. lzumo and Juno are found specifically in sperm and egg, respectively. Which one of the following in vivo experiments will demonstrate that lzumo and Juno interact with each other? (1) If sperms from a male mouse where lzumo has been knocked out is used to fertilize eggs from a normal female and no fertilization occurs. (2) Whole mount immunostaining for lzumo and Juno shows its presence on the sperm and egg respectively (3) If a CFP fused lzumo protein is mixed with YFP fused Juno protein in a tube, FRET occurs, i.e., when CFP is excited, emission of YFP is observed. (4) Two independent kidney cell lines are developed, one expressing lzumo and the other Juno. If the two cells are mixed, they tend to aggregate with each other. 

Demonstrating Izumo-Juno Interaction: Key Experiments in Mammalian Fertilization

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